新现实主义理论哲学基础的历史唯物主义批判  

Critiquing the Philosophical Foundation of Neorealism: The Historical Materialist Perspective

作　　者：王政达 Wang Zhengda

机构地区：[1]山东政法学院公共管理学院,济南250014

出　　处：《国际论坛》2023年第1期93-119,158,159,共29页International Forum

摘　　要：中西学界对新现实主义理论的缺陷进行了广泛的学术批判,但这些批判大都是在承认其理论科学性条件下的技术性批判,未能揭示其理论缺陷的根源,没有打破对新现实主义理论的迷信,不利于国际关系理论的创新性发展。为从根本上揭示新现实主义理论缺陷的根源,本文把新现实主义理论放在历史唯物主义的视域中进行审视,对其哲学基础进行了深入、系统批判。新现实主义理论存在诸多先天痼疾的根本原因在于这一理论的哲学基础存在错误,表现为机械唯物主义世界观、抽象的认识论和庸俗的方法论。该理论将国家高度简化、抽象为缺少社会历史内涵、按照物理规律运动的原子,使其呈现为纯粹思辨的逻辑体系,成为脱离国际关系实践的力学理论;其实证主义研究方法人文关怀的缺失和“价值中立”立场的虚伪使其客观上成为为特定国家的国际行为进行合法化论证的工具。新现实主义理论把结构分析方法异化为结构主义本体论,夸大了国际结构的作用,忽视了人和国家形塑、变革国际体系的能动性。对新现实主义理论哲学基础的批判可以为中国学派国际关系理论建构提供镜鉴与启示。While Chinese and western academia has extensively critiqued the neorealist theory, most of these critiques fail to uncover the root of its theoretical defects, unable to dent the widespread appeal neorealism commands, because they mostly concern the technical aspects while accepting the validity of the theory. This is not conducive to innovation in international relations theory. In order to fundamentally address the root cause, this paper examines neorealism through the perspective of historical materialism, systematically scrutinizing its philosophical foundation. The fundamental reason for the many inherent flaws of neorealism lies in its wrong philosophical basis, which manifests itself in its mechanistic materialist worldview, abstract epistemology and vulgar methodology. Since it highly simplifies and generalizes states into entities that simply follow the physical laws of the atoms, devoid of any social meanings and history, neorealism presents a purely speculative logical system and becomes a theory of mechanics, divorced from the actual practice of international relations. Its lack of humanistic care and the hypocrisy of its “value neutrality” make it a tool of legitimation for certain countries to justify their international behavior. The neorealist theory turns the method of structural analysis into a structuralist rigidity, exaggerating the role of the international structure, and ignoring the agency of man and the state to shape and transform the international system. This critique of the philosophical basis of neorealism can provide insights and inspirations for the construction of a Chinese school of international relations theory.

关 键 词：新现实主义理论 国际关系 哲学基础 历史唯物主义 学术批判 

分 类 号：D81[政治法律—国际关系]