国际人道法下武装无人机的国家审查立法研究  

Research on the Legislation of National Review Concerning Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle under International Humanitarian Law

作　　者：王淑敏[1] 吕竞一 Wang Shumin;Lv Jingyi(Law School,Dalian Maritime University,Dalian 116026,Liaoning,China)

机构地区：[1]大连海事大学法学院 [2]大连海事大学辽宁省港口及航运发展研究基地,辽宁大连116026

出　　处：《学术探索》2023年第2期69-79,共11页Academic Exploration

摘　　要：近年来,武装无人机投入战场的数量急剧增长,特别是在当下的俄乌冲突中也有大量使用。其技术复杂功能多样,并在不断的发展中结合人工智能,甚至已经趋近于完全智能化,与传统武器有所区别。为了保障武装冲突过程中平民、战斗员和其他特定人员的人道主义待遇,有必要对武装无人机的合法性进行审查,以满足“区分原则”“比例性原则”和“预防措施原则”等国际人道法要求。归咎于国际人道法缺乏具体审查标准,而红十字国际委员会《新武器、作战手段和方法法律审查指南》并无法律效力,合法性审查制度并未取得很好的执行效果,各国在法律位阶、主体和对象范围、原则的适用、程序和审查效力等方面的实践并不统一。为此,立足我国国情,在借鉴域外先进经验基础上,提出修改相关法律法规以形成以《国防法》和《武器装备质量管理条例》互为支撑和补充的规则体系,并通过规定技术标准和审查人员组成规则构建完善的审查制度。In recent years,the number of armed unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)in the battlefield has increased sharply,especially in the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine.And they have been close to complete intelligence and thus different from traditional weapons,with complex technology and diverse functions and combined with artificial intelligence in the continuous development.In order to ensure the humanitarian treatment of civilians,combatants and other specific personnel during armed conflicts,it is necessary to review the legality of armed UAVs,so as to meet the requirements of international humanitarian law of“principle of distinction”,“principle of proportionality”and“principle of precautions”.Because there are no specific review standards in the international humanitarian law and no binding effect in the International Committee of the Red Cross s A Guide to Legal Review of New Weapons,Means and Methods of Warfare,which is not well carried out,the practice varies a lot in different countries in the legal status,scope of subjects and objects,application of principles,procedures and review effectiveness.Based on China s national conditions and advanced experience from abroad,it is proposed to amend the relevant laws and regulations to form a mutually-supported and supplemented rule system of The National Defense Law and The Regulations on the Quality Management of Weapons and Equipment and to establish a perfect review system through the provision of technical standards and rules on the composition of reviewers.

关 键 词：国际人道法 武装无人机 国家审查立法 

分 类 号：DF32[政治法律—军事法学]