走向冲突:石油租让与苏联在伊朗的目标——关于美苏冷战起源的经济因素(讨论之六)  

Road to Conflict:The Oil Concession and the Soviet Union’s Goal in Iran(The Sixth Discussion on the Economic Factors in the Origins of the Cold War)

作　　者：沈志华[1,2] SHEN Zhihua

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学历史学系,200241 [2]华东师范大学地区与周边国家研究院,200241

出　　处：《历史教学问题》2022年第6期3-31,204,共30页History Research And Teaching

基　　金：华东师范大学“幸福之花”基金先导项目的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：为建立向苏联运送租借物资的“波斯走廊”,1941年8月苏联和英国军队攻占伊朗。1944年9月苏联向伊朗要求北部地区的石油租让权,但遭到伊朗的拒绝。苏联随即在其占领区策划“自治运动”,组建伊朗民主党,运送武器装备,组织武装游击队,在北方诸省鼓动暴乱,以此逼迫伊朗在石油问题上做出让步。苏军限制和阻拦伊朗宪兵、警察和军队维持治安,引起美国和英国的强烈不满,特别是苏联违背1942年英伊苏三国条约,未按规定时间实现撤军,导致伊朗政府于1946年1月向联合国提起对苏联的控诉案。面对美国的强硬立场和国际舆论压力,苏联只得让步,公开宣布撤军日期,并放弃石油租让权要求。伊朗政府也做出让步,按照苏联的条件签署了苏伊联合石油公司协议。但苏军撤离后不久,伊朗右翼反苏势力日渐强大,遂于1946年底派兵镇压了南阿塞拜疆的自治运动,伊朗议会也于1947年10月否决了苏伊石油协议。苏联在伊朗的外交行为严重脱离其外交目标,造成了“伊朗危机”,其结果导致苏伊关系全面恶化,美国和西方彻底改变了对苏联的战略认知。苏联从地缘经济出发,在伊朗谋取石油租让权,本不是什么大问题,也为英美所接受,通过正常的经济谈判完全可以实现,却因其行为和措施不当引起误解和反抗,成为引发冷战的重要因素之一。In August 1941,the Soviet Union and the British Army occupied Iran to build a"Persian corridor"for transferring lend-lease supplies to the Soviet Union.In September 1944,the Soviet Union asked the Iranian government for the right of oil concession in northern Iran.Iran refused.Then,to force Iran to concede,the Soviet Union plotted an"autonomy movement"in its occupation region,established the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan,sent military equipment to arm guerrillas in organization,and instigated riots in Iran’s northern provinces.Soviet soldiers obstructed operations by the Iranian gendarmes,policemen,and army for maintaining public security,causing strong criticisms from the U.S.and the U.K.Furthermore,the Soviet Union violated a 1942 treaty among Britain,Iran,and the Soviet Union,refusing to withdraw its military force from Iran within the required time.This led the Iranian government to make an accusation against the Soviet Union in the United Nations in January 1946.Confronted with the unyielding stance of the U.S.as well as international pressures,the Soviet Union was compelled to yied,publicizing the date of its military withdrawal and ceasing the oil concession demand.Iran compromised as well in concluding a Soviet-Iranian oil company protocol based on Soviet conditions.However,not long after the Soviet withdrawal,the anti-Soviet right wing in the Iranian government gained strength and militarily suppressed the autonomy movement in southern Azerbaijan.Iran’s parliament also rejected the Soviet-Iranian oil protocol.As Soviet diplomacy in Iran strayed from its goals by causing the"Iran Crisis"and ruining the Soviet-Iran relations,the U.S.and the West fundamentally changed their strategies toward the Soviet Union.The West would,out of geoeconomic considerations,have accommodated the Soviet demand for an oil concession in Iran,and the demand could have been accomplished through regular negotiations.However,the Soviet Union’s inappropriate policy steps resulted in causing misunderstandings and provok

关 键 词：冷战起源 伊朗危机 石油资源 阿塞拜疆 苏联撤军 

分 类 号：K15[历史地理—历史学]