由观音散施钱财图看莫高窟第3窟的时代——兼论武威出土银锭的铸造地  

The period of Cave 3 of the Mogao Caves as Seen in the Picture of Kwan-yin Scattering Money and Wealth——Together with an Analysis the Place of Minting of the Silver Ingots Unearthed at Wuwei

作　　者：杨富学 YANG Fu-xue

机构地区：[1]燕山大学,河北秦皇岛066004 [2]敦煌研究院,甘肃兰州730030

出　　处：《青海民族研究》2022年第4期185-193,共9页Qinghai Journal of Ethnology

基　　金：国家民委民族研究重点项目“敦煌历史文化中的各民族交往交流交融研究”(批准号:2021-GMA-004);敦煌研究院院级课题重点项目“敦煌晚期石窟的分期与断代”(批准号:2020-SK-ZD-01)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：莫高窟第3窟东壁门北侧绘观音菩萨散施钱财图,自观音右手掌心向下散落白银、象牙、珠宝等钱财,却独无唐宋时代观音散施钱财图中所常见的方孔圆钱。在黑水城出土的一幅卷轴画中绘单冠佛一尊,手心有方孔圆钱一枚,楷书钱文“天元通宝”四字。二者构图虽有不同,一佛一观音,佛手心有方孔圆钱,观音却无之,但表示的同为观音以钱财施贫儿内容。关于莫高窟第3窟的时代,学界多有争议,主要有元代说和西夏说两种。考虑到西夏国时代行用的钱币主要是方孔圆钱,不流通银币;而元代则相反,重金银珍宝而轻方孔圆钱。莫高窟第3窟独见银钱和各种珠宝而不见方孔圆钱,与元代情况吻合而明显有别于西夏,可证该窟应为元代洞窟而非西夏。Cave 3 of the Mogao Caves is painted on the north side of the east wall door with Kwan-yin Bodhisattva scattering money from the palm of her right hand downwards, scattering silver, ivory, jewellery and other money, but without the square-hole round money commonly found in Kwan-yin scattering money in the Tang and Song Dynasties. A scroll painting excavated at Heishui City depicts a single-crowned Buddha with a square-hole round coin in his palm and the four characters “Tian Yuan Tong Bao”in regular script.Although they differ in composition, with one Buddha and one Kwan-yin, the Buddha has a square-hole round money in his hand, and Kwan-yin does not, representing the same Kwan-yin giving money to a poor child. There is much debate about the age of Cave 3 in the Mogao Caves, mainly in the Yuan Dynasty and the Western Xia. Considering that the coins used in the Western Xia period were mainly square-hole round coins, with no silver coins in circulation, the Yuan Dynasty, on the other hand, emphasised gold and silver treasures rather than square-hole round coins. Cave 3 of the Mogao Caves is unique in seeing silver and various types of jewellery but not squarehole round coins, which is consistent with the Yuan dynasty and clearly different from the Western Xia, and would prove that the cave is a Yuan Dynasty cave rather than a Western Xia cave.

关 键 词：方孔圆钱 银币 莫高窟第3窟 西夏 元代 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]