“鸡鸣”古歌与班固《咏史》典故源流考  

A Textual Research on the Origin and Development of the “Cock-crow” and the Allusions in Ban Gu’s “Chanting History”

作　　者：贾学鸿[1] JIA Xue-hong(School of Literature,Yang Zhou University,Yangzhou 225002,China)

机构地区：[1]扬州大学文学院,江苏扬州225002

出　　处：《山西大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第1期38-45,共8页Journal of Shanxi University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition)

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大专项项目“中华文明与早期书写研究”(2022JZDZ025)。

摘　　要：班固《咏史》诗通过叙写“缇萦救父”故事抒发自身感慨,并将缇萦的形象凝缩在“鸡鸣”古歌的典故中。借“鸡鸣”意象抒发情感源于《诗经》,其中郑风《女曰鸡鸣》以“鸡鸣”交代谈话时间,《风雨》通过风雨中的鸡鸣起兴,《齐风·鸡鸣》和《小雅·庭燎》则保存着周代“鸡人呼旦”的礼乐仪式信息。司时卫士模拟鸡鸣报时,曲调雄壮高亢,直到汉代军中和宫廷依然沿用,并配乐收入乐府,但也带来曲调和风格的分化。《史记·项羽本纪》的“四面楚歌”,或是军中“鸡鸣歌”的变调。楚调激昂凄婉,与缇萦的急切心情相契合。“鸡鸣”典故承载着班固的激情,也凸显出班诗内敛、含蓄的学者型诗风。将事象、文化背景融入一个名词性典故,是汉代文人诗叙事兼抒情的艺术特色,也是汉诗由实用性向审美性的过渡。钟嵘评价《咏史》“质木无文”,是基于南朝的审美观念,有失公允。Ban Gu’s poem “Chanting History” expressed his personal emotions by narrating the story of “Tiying saving her father”, and condensed the image of Tiying into the allusion of the ancient song “Cock Crowing”. Expressing emotions through the image of “cock crowing” originated from The Book of Songs, in which the songs of Zheng State “Women Say Cock Crowing” gave us the time of conversation by “cock crowing”, “Wind and Rain” expressed love through the cock crowing in the wind and rain, and “Qifeng·Cock Crowing” and “Xiaoya·Tingliao” preserved the etiquette information of “the official named Jiren announcing the time at dawn in the Zhou Dynasty. The guards simulated the cock crowing to awaken people. The tune was majestic and loud, which was still used in the military and palace in the Han Dynasty, and was included in the Yue Fu, meanwhile, bringing about the differentiation of the tune and style of the song “Cock Crowing”. The “Song of Sorrow on All Sides” in the “Historical Records about Xiang Yu” was the variation of the “Cock Song” in the military. The tunes of Chu are exciting and sorrowful, which were in line with the anxious mood of Tiying. The allusion of “cock crowing” carried Ban Gu’s passion, and also highlightsed the scholar style of the class poetry, which was introverted and implicit. The integration of events and cultural background into a nominal allusion is the artistic feature of the Han Dynasty literati’s poetry, and also the transition of the Han Dynasty poetry from practicality to aesthetics. ZHONG Rong’s comment on of the simplicity of “Chanting History”,which was based on the aesthetic concept of the Southern Dynasty, is unfair.

关 键 词：鸡鸣歌 礼乐 《诗经》 《咏史》 用典 

分 类 号：I222.2[文学—中国文学]