法兰克福学派意识形态批判理论的三个维度及其价值  

The Three Dimensions and Value of Frankfurt School’s Critical Theory of Ideology

作　　者：王雨辰[1] WANG Yuchen(School of Philosophy,Zhongnan Universityof Economics and Law,Wuhan 430073,China)

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学哲学院,湖北武汉430073

出　　处：《吉首大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第5期18-28,共11页Journal of Jishou University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目(22AZD090);教育部哲学社会科学研究重大专项一般项目(2022JZDZ019)。

摘　　要：法兰克福学派的意识形态批判理论包括文化心理批判、技术理性批判和大众文化批判三个维度。文化心理批判维度主要是在坚持唯物史观经济基础决定上层建筑这一原理的基础上,援引弗洛伊德的精神分析学,对极权人格、法西斯主义兴起的文化心理根源展开分析,探索了上层建筑反作用于经济基础的中介机制;技术理性批判维度主要揭示了启蒙理性和工具理性的本质与缺陷,探讨了科学技术在当代西方社会异化使用的哲学世界观基础与现实根源,强调科学技术已经沦为一种控制和支配人的意识形态工具;大众文化批判维度主要揭示了以科学技术进步为基础的“文化工业”和大众文化的意识形态功能。法兰克福学派的意识形态批判理论不仅揭示了当代西方社会统治方式的变化,而且反驳了资产阶级学者所宣称的西方社会是一个物质丰裕、无矛盾的理想社会的观点,认为当代西方社会基本矛盾依然存在,不过其危机的表现形式已经从古典资本主义时期的经济危机或者转化为社会发展日益总体化和个人自由发展要求之间的矛盾,或者转化为合法性危机,因而西方社会仍然存在着革命的可能性。革命的前提就是通过对当代西方社会采取“大拒绝”的革命方略,并通过文化意识形态批判唤醒人们内心深处的政治意识和革命意识。法兰克福学派的意识形态批判理论的价值在于把唯物史观的宏观研究与微观研究有机结合起来,揭示了当代西方社会统治方式的新变化和革命的可能途径。其理论的弱点在于不能把经济批判、政治批判、文化意识形态批判有机结合起来,体现为在寻求西方人自由和解放的现实途径上的浪漫主义和乌托邦色彩。The critical theory of ideology of Frankfurt School includes three dimensions: critique of cultural psychology, critique of technological rationality and critique of mass culture.Its critical dimension of cultural psychology is mainly on the basis of adhering to the principle that economic basis determines superstructure of historical materialism, citing Freud’s psychoanalysis to analyze the cultural psychology root of totalitarian personality and fascism and explore the intermediary mechanism of superstructure’s reaction to economic basis.The critical dimension of technological rationality mainly reveals the essence and defects of enlightenment rationality and instrumental rationality, probes into the basis of philosophical world view and realistic root of the alienated use of science and technology in contemporary western society, and emphasizes that science and technology has become an ideological tool to control and dominate human beings.The critical dimension of mass culture mainly reveals the "cultural industry" based on scientific and technological progress and the ideological function of mass culture.The critical theory ideology of Frankfurt School not only reveals the changes in the ruling mode of contemporary western society, but also refutes the bourgeois scholars’ claim that western society is an ideal society with abundant material and no contradictions, holding that the basic contradictions of contemporary western society still exist.However, the manifestation of the crisis has changed from the economic crisis in the period of classical capitalism to the contradiction between the increasing integration of social development and the requirement of individual freedom development, or to the crisis of legitimacy.There is still the possibility of revolution in western society.The school also advocates that the premise of revolution is to adopt the revolutionary strategy of "great refusal" to the contemporary western society and awaken people’s inner political and revolutionary consciousness throu

关 键 词：法兰克福学派 文化心理批判 技术理性批判 大众文化批判 

分 类 号：B089.1[哲学宗教—哲学理论]