20世纪下半叶美国科技人才发展状况及启示  

Development and Enlightenment of American Scientific and Technological Talent in the Second Half of the 20th Century

作　　者：张瑾[1] ZHANG Jin(Institute of World History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing,100101,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《史学集刊》2023年第2期129-140,共12页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“英美科技人才发展及其政策比较研究(1950—2000)”(17CSS034)。

摘　　要：20世纪下半叶,美国对科技人才的需求状况不断变化,对人才的培养、使用和引进提出了更高的要求,美国政府的相关政策也随之不断调整。结合时代特征,可将这一时期美国科技人才的发展分为突进期、波动期和繁荣期三个阶段。美国成为世界科技人才强国的原因包括国家干预起到的引领作用、贯穿始终的创新意识和危机意识、高等教育领域的巨大吸引力及外来人才为美国所创造的巨大社会经济价值等。美国科技人才发展中存在的问题包括国防人才需求挤占社会经济建设人才需求、性别和少数族裔歧视问题,以及对于外来科技人才的过度依赖等。In the second half of the 20th century,the demand for scientific and technological talents in the United States was constantly changing.With higher requirements putting forward for the cultivation,use and introduction of talents,the relevant policies of the United States government were adjusted accordingly.Combined with the characteristics of the times,the development of American scientific and technological talents in this period can be divided into three stages characterized by sudden advance,fluctuation and prosperity.The reasons why the United States has become a great power of science and technology talents include the leading role of national intervention,the whole-length awareness of innovation and crisis,the great attraction of higher education and the huge social and economic value created by foreign talents.The problems in the development of American scientific and technological talents include the demand for national defense talents crowding out the demand for talents in economic and social construction,gender and minority discrimination,and excessive dependence on foreign scientific and technological talents.

关 键 词：美国 科技人才 高等教育 人才流动 

分 类 号：G327.12[文化科学] K712.5[历史地理—历史学] C964.712[历史地理—世界史]