古代书院教育面临的主要问题及应对举措——兼论其对当下高校人才培养的启示  

The Primary Issues and Solutions in Ancient Academy Education——Also on Its Enlightenment to the Current Talent Cultivation in University

作　　者：鲁小俊[1] Lu Xiaojun

机构地区：[1]武汉大学文学院,武汉430072

出　　处：《新文科教育研究》2023年第1期127-140,144,共15页NEW LIBERAL ARTS EDUCATION RESEARCH

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国历代书院文学活动编年史”(编号:21&ZD253)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：古代书院教育面临的问题,大多缘于科举考试的压力。当下高校人才培养的问题,多与升学和就业形势相关。其一,学习目标方面,古代有人读书只是为了考功名。书院鼓励生徒立志成圣贤、做好人,并在日常行为中躬行儒家伦理规范。现今有人读书只是为了找个好工作。学校可从日常生活着手,引导学生养成底线意识和家国情怀。其二,学习内容方面,古代有人只读应试之书以致学识鄙陋。书院提倡研读四部原典,旨在培养博雅通儒。现今有人大学阶段主要读教材,较少深入研习原典。学校除了日常引导外,可在考试设计方面做探索,将分数与博识相关联。其三,学习方式方面,古代有人想通过时文选本、考点类编走捷径,但实际上成功的概率很小。书院引导生徒拒绝二手和碎片化知识,反而有利于科举成功。今天有人以绩点、证书为急务,忽视自由探索、独立思考。学校和用人单位皆有必要重视基础和潜力,切勿过于急功近利。要之,教育理想和人生现实之间,如何找到最佳平衡,是古往今来一直在求解的题目。The majority of the issues confronting ancient academy education are the result of imperial examination pressure. Today’s issues with talent training in colleges and universities are primarily related to the state of admission and employment. First, in terms of learning objectives, some people in ancient times studied solely to get a merit exam. Students were encouraged to become sages and good people, and applied Confucian ethics in their daily behavior. Nowadays some people study just to get a good job. Universities can begin to guide students in their daily lives to develop a sense of bottom line and keep their country in mind. Secondly, in terms of learning content, some ancient people only read books for examinations, so that their knowledge is limited. The academy advocated the study of the four original texts in order to cultivate liberal and elegant scholars. Nowadays, some people mainly read textbooks in university and rarely study the original texts in depth. In addition to daily guidance, universities can investigate the design of the test to correlate scores with general knowledge. Thirdly, in terms of learning style, some people in ancient times tried to take a shortcut through the selection of current texts and the compilation of test topics, but the probability of succeeding was extrmely low. Academies guided students to reject second-hand and fragmented knowledge, which helped them succeed in imperial examinations. Today, some people are preoccupied with grade points and certificates, while ignoring free exploration and independent thinking. It is necessary for both universities and employers to pay attention to foundation and potential, and reduce the rush for immediate success. To be sure, finding the best balance between the ideal of education and the realities of life is a problem that has been solved through history.

关 键 词：书院教育 科举功名 人才培养 存在问题 应对举措 

分 类 号：G642[文化科学—高等教育学]