遗传改良对世界水产养殖业发展的推动作用  

Promotion of genetic improvement to world aquaculture development

作　　者：王施龙 胡红浪[2] 熊雪梅 高泽霞[1,3] WANG Shilong;HU Honglang;XIONG Xuemei;GAO Zexia(College of Fisheries,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics,Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of Ministry of Education,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,China;National Fisheries Technology Extension Center,Beijing 100125,China;Hubei Hongshan Laboratory,Wuhan 430070,China)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学水产学院/农业农村部淡水生物繁育重点实验室/长江经济带大宗水生生物产业绿色发展教育部工程研究中心/农业动物遗传育种与繁殖教育部重点实验室,湖北武汉430070 [2]全国水产技术推广总站,北京100125 [3]湖北洪山实验室,湖北武汉430070

出　　处：《水产学报》2023年第1期25-36,共12页Journal of Fisheries of China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31872559);国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-45-01);教育部科技创新工作专项项目(2021ZL08)。

摘　　要：随着全球水产品养殖产量快速增长,水产养殖业在近二十年间正快速替代捕捞业,成为满足人类对优质蛋白需求极具潜力的生产活动。世界水产品消费量近几十年来快速增长,水产品在人类食物系统中具有越来越重要的地位。遗传改良作为发展水产养殖业的关键环节而备受关注,长期以来,以选择育种和杂交育种为主要的育种方法,以生长速度、成活率等经济性状为主要改良的目标性状,对世界水产养殖业的发展发挥了基础性、先导性和战略性作用。随着人们对优质蛋白需求的不断增加以及“大食物观”概念的广泛普及,将水产品打造为更加高效的食物生产系统是大势所趋。但纵观全球,水产养殖业存在遗传改良种类不多、覆盖面不广、改良性状滞后于产业发展需求等问题,需要加强水产育种技术创新和品种培育,培育更多的遗传改良种,推进水产养殖业高质量发展。本文基于已有研究结果,结合渔业各类统计数据,对世界水产养殖业发展概况、重要养殖种遗传改良情况、水产育种技术应用、目标性状改良以及部分主要人工改良种产量数据进行整理概述,总结发展状况,分析存在问题,以期为水产种业研究以及产业高质量发展提供参考。Along with the rapid and sustained increases of global aquaculture production,aquaculture has been rapidly replacing the capture fisheries in the last two decades,and already become a production activity with great potential to meet human demand for high-quality proteins.The rapid consumption growth of aquatic products in the world in recent decades shows the increasingly important role of aquatic products in the human food system.Genetic improvement has attracted much attention as a key part in the development of aquaculture.Up to now,selective breeding and cross-breeding are the main breeding methods,and economic traits such as growth rate and survival rate are the main target traits for improvement,which have played a fundamental,leading and strategic role in the development of the world aquaculture industry.Following the increasing demand for high-quality protein and the widespread popularization of the concept of the"Greater Food"approach,it is a general trend to make aquatic production into a more efficient food production system.Globally,however,the aquaculture seeds industry has some limitations,such as not many strains and species of genetic improvement,and improved traits lagging behind the needs of industrial development.It is necessary to improve technological,variety and mechanism innovation,to promote the development of high-quality aquaculture seed industry.Based on previous research results and various fishery statistics,this study summarizes the development of the global aquaculture industry,the genetic improvement of important aquaculture species,the application of breeding technology in aquaculture,the improvement of target traits,and the production data of six major species experiencing artificially genetic improvement to analyze the development status and existing problems,which could provide a reference for the study of the aquacultural seed industry as well as its high-quality development.

关 键 词：水产养殖 遗传改良 育种技术 优良品种 产量 

分 类 号：S965[农业科学—水产养殖]