迈向“新集体行动的逻辑”:全过程人民民主嵌入基层公共事务治理的内在机理与优化路径  

Toward a“New Logic of Collective Action”:The Intrinsic Mechanism and Optimal Path of Embedding Whole-Process People's Democracy in Grassroots Public Affairs Governance

作　　者：贾双跃 Jia Shuangyue

机构地区：[1]中共天津市委党校、天津行政学院,天津市300191

出　　处：《政治学研究》2022年第6期86-98,M0006,共14页CASS Journal of Political Science

摘　　要：奥尔森的集体行动理论认为,公共事务治理中的“搭便车”困境是理性选择的后果,因此也必须用理性主义的方式予以解决,其解决方案包括缩小参与规模、扩大不对称收益、突出物质激励、引入强制参与措施,等等。这些方案虽然能够提高公共事务治理的绩效,但却难以有效契合公共事务的公共性特征。推动全过程人民民主嵌入基层公共事务治理,能够有效弥补上述不足,创造出一系列“新集体行动的逻辑”,包括有效性逻辑、广泛性逻辑、公正性逻辑、责任性逻辑和主体性逻辑,这些逻辑既能推动有效治理,又能体现民主精神。全过程人民民主嵌入基层公共事务治理也面临着一些内在挑战,包括内部治理有效但外部治理失灵的问题、广泛性逻辑对科学治理的挑战、公正性逻辑对精英参与的削弱风险、责任性逻辑与权利逻辑的张力、主体性逻辑对一致性的冲击。为有效应对这些挑战,我们需要强化党的组织引领,将公众赋权与公众增能相结合,将精英控制与精英动员相结合,培育协商精神,加强共同体建设。Olson’s theory of collective action suggests that the “free-rider”dilemma in public affairs governance is a consequence of rational choice and must be solved in a rationalist manner,with solutions such as reducing the scale of participation,increasing asymmetric benefits,highlighting material incentives,and introducing mandatory participation measures. Although these solutions can improve the performance of public affairs governance,they are difficult to fit the public nature of public affairs effectively. Embedding whole-process people’s democracy in grassroots public affairs governance can effectively remedy these shortcomings and create a series of“new logic of collective action”,including the logic of effectiveness,universality,justice,responsibility and subjectivity,which can both promote effective governance and embody the spirit of democracy. Embedding whole-process people’s democracy in grassroots public affairs governance also faces some inherent challenges. It may cause the failure of external governance,affect scientific governance,weaken elite participation,violate people’s rights,and reduce the coherence of collective action. To effectively cope with these challenges,we need to strengthen organizational leadership by CPC,combine public empowerment with ability improvement,combine elite control with elite mobilization,cultivate the spirit of consultation,and strengthen community building.

关 键 词：公共事务治理 集体行动的逻辑 理性主义 全过程人民民主 

分 类 号：D630[政治法律—政治学]