美国公共卫生立法中的利益纠葛与政治博弈——以1866年纽约大都市卫生法案为例  

Interest Dispute and Political Game in American Public Health Legislation——A Case Study of the New York Metropolitan Health Bill

作　　者：李晶[1] LI Jing(School of History and Culture,Southwest University,Chong Qing 400715,China)

机构地区：[1]西南大学历史文化学院,重庆400715

出　　处：《西南大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第2期287-298,共12页Journal of Southwest University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“纽约市公共卫生制度的构建与完善(1866—1920)”(16CSS020),项目负责人:李晶。

摘　　要：19世纪上半期美国开启了由农村社会向城市社会的转型,以纽约为代表的美国大城市人口密度迅速增长,有限的城市承载能力和市政腐败导致城市公共卫生环境急剧恶化。19世纪五六十年代面对严峻的健康形势,纽约州的改革者率先向州议会提出了大都市卫生法案。虽然法案以改善城市卫生健康为宏旨,以建立新型卫生行政机构大都市卫生局为重要举措,但从法案酝酿到州议会审议充斥着社会不同群体的激烈争辩。这些争论反映了不同利益群体对城市公共卫生问题的认知差异,对卫生行政改革的目的也不局限于追求城市健康,而是呈现出较为复杂的利益纠葛与权力冲突。经过妥协最后通过的大都市卫生法开启了美国城市公共卫生行政机制的系统化构建,强化了医学专业在公共卫生行政中的主导地位,推动了城市公共卫生行政权力的扩张,在美国公共卫生史上具有里程碑地位。In the first half of the 19th century,the United States started the transition from a rural society to an urban society.The population density of big citiesincreased rapidly,withNew York as a typical case,and the limited urban carrying capacity and municipal corruption led to the rapid deterioration of urban public health environment.The reformer in the New York State were the first to introduce the Metropolitan Health bill to the state legislature.Although the bill aimed at improving urban health and takes the establishment of a new health administrative agency,it had aroused heated debates among different groups in the society.The debates reflected the differences in the cognition of different interest groups on urban public health,but presented more complex interest entanglements and power conflicts.The bill initiated the modern construction of the public health administrative mechanism,and promoted the dominant position expansion of the administrative power of urban public health,which had a milestone status in the history of American public health.

关 键 词：纽约 大都市卫生法案 公共卫生 行政改革 

分 类 号：K704[历史地理—历史学]