试析非洲酋长制的“复兴”  

On the“Revival”of the African Chieftain System

作　　者：许亮[1] XU Liang(School of International Relations,Peking University,Beijing 100091)

机构地区：[1]北京大学国际关系学院,北京100091

出　　处：《中央民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第6期106-117,共12页Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

摘　　要：“酋长制”是非洲国家民族传统和政治制度的重要组成部分。20世纪60年代非洲国家独立后,“酋长制”一度被认为是落后的殖民统治残余,受到严重打压。然而20世纪90年代以来非洲酋长制出现了明显的“复兴”。本文认为非洲酋长制的“复兴”是冷战后非洲民主化进程、市场经济以及国际发展新范式共同作用的结果。首先,在选举民主体制下,非洲酋长们成为连接政客与选民的桥梁。酋长对候选人的认可不仅能帮助候选人及其政党获取选民支持,也有利于当选的政客和政府履行竞选承诺,提高选举体制的回应能力。其次,酋长们创造性地使用土地资源和“传统”身份,通过企业化和商品化的方式参与市场经济,填补了国家在经济领域收缩后留下的空白。再次,国际发展机构在新的国际援助和发展范式的指引下,避开国家和政府,深入“地方”的做法客观上强化了传统权威的地位与作用。与此同时,本文也强调酋长们作为地方精英团体积极发挥自身能动性,参与地方治理和发展转型,进而增强传统权威的合法性和有效性。“Chieftain system”is an important part of the ethnic traditions and political system of African countries.After the independence of African countries in the 1960s,the“chieftain system”was once considered a remnant of backward colonial rule,thus being severely suppressed.But the African chieftain system has shown obvious revival since the 1990s.This paper believes that the“revival”of the African chieftain system is the result of the democratization process of post Cold War Africa,the market economy and the new paradigm of international development.Firstly,under electoral democracy,African chieftains have become a bridge between politicians and voters.Chieftain’s recognition of the candidates can not only facilitate the candidates and their parties to gain voters’support,but also benefit the elected politicians and the government to fulfill their campaign promises and improve the response capacity of the electoral system.Secondly,the chieftains creatively used their land resources and their“traditional”identity to participate in the market economy through enterprise and commercialization,filling up the gap left by the contraction in the economic field of the country.Thirdly,under the guidance of the new international aid and development paradigm,the way of international development agencies’practice of going deep into“local places”while avoiding the state and the government has objectively strengthened the status and role of the traditional authority.At the same time,this paper also emphasizes that the chieftains,as local elite groups,actively play their own initiative,participate in local governance and development transformation,and thus enhance the legitimacy and effectiveness of the traditional authority.

关 键 词：非洲 酋长制 民主化 新自由主义 国际发展 

分 类 号：D089[政治法律—政治学]