规范与利益:2011年以来欧盟对缅甸政策的调整  

Norms and Interests: The Study on the European Union’s Myanmar Policy since 2011

作　　者：魏益帆 WEI Yifan

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院

出　　处：《南亚东南亚研究》2023年第1期89-104,155,156,共18页South and Southeast Asian Studies

摘　　要：从2011年到2021年,欧盟的对缅政策经历了“开放—冷却—制裁”三个不同的发展阶段,始终突出“民主”“人权”“良治”等规范理念,具有鲜明的政治倾向。欧盟对缅政策的调整,根本原因在于欧洲总是按照自己的目标和标准来看待缅甸内部的局势变化和政经改革。总的来看,欧盟非常注重对缅甸的人道主义援助和意识形态、政治机制的输出,并借助东盟机制来对缅甸展开接触和施加影响。本质上,欧盟对缅政策属于规范性外交的范畴,这和欧盟对西巴尔干、非洲等国家的政策拥有相似的价值导向。考虑到实际情况,欧盟有时候也会把握规范性要求与现实利益的微妙平衡。与美国、日本、东盟等国际行为体相比,欧盟对价值规范的考量远大于商业投资利益。不过,由于缅甸转型进程曲折、复杂,再加上欧盟对缅甸出现片面认识及政策目标和现实环境之间的落差,欧盟对缅政策存在一定的局限与不足。基于上述因素,在当前缅甸的新形势下,欧盟对缅政策的选择空间进一步缩窄。From 2011 to 2021, the EU’s Myanmar policy experienced three different stages of development: opening-cooling-sanctions, and always highlighted the normative concepts such as democracy, human rights and good governance, with a distinct political tendency. The fundamental reason for the adjustment of EU’s Myanmar policy is that Europe always looks at the internal situation changes and political and economic reforms in Myanmar according to its own goals and standards. Generally speaking, the EU attaches great importance to the humanitarian aid to Myanmar and the export of ideological and political mechanisms, and uses the ASEAN mechanism to contact and exert influence on Myanmar. In essence, the EU’s policy towards Myanmar belongs to the category of normative diplomacy, which has similar value orientation to the EU’s policies towards western Balkans, Africa and other countries. Considering the actual situation, the EU sometimes grasps the delicate balance between normative requirements and practical interests. Compared with the United States, Japan, ASEAN and other international actors, the EU’s consideration of value norms is far greater than commercial investment interests. However, due to the tortuous and complicated transition process of Myanmar, coupled with the one-sided understanding of Myanmar by the EU and the gap between the policy objectives and the real environment, the EU’s policy towards Myanmar has certain limitations and deficiencies. Based on the above factors, under the current new situation in Myanmar, the space for EU’s policy choice towards Myanmar is further narrowed.

关 键 词：缅甸 欧盟 东盟 美国 规范性力量 

分 类 号：D814.1[政治法律—国际关系] D833.7[政治法律—政治学]