黄淮海区域现代夏玉米品种产量与资源利用效率的差异分析  

Difference analysis of yield and resource use efficiency of modern summer maize varieties in Huang-Huai-Hai region

作　　者：刘昕萌 程乙[1] 刘玉文 庞尚水 叶秀芹 卜艳霞 张吉旺[1] 赵斌[1] 任佰朝[1] 任昊[1] 刘鹏[1] LIU Xin-Meng;CHENG Yi;LIU Yu-Wen;PANG Shang-Shui;YE Xiu-Qin;BU Yan-Xia;ZHANG Ji-Wang;ZHAO Bin;REN Bai-Zhao;REN Hao;LIU Peng(College of Agronomy,Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology,Tai’an 271018,Shandong,China;Shanghe Agriculture Bureau,Jinan 251600,Shandong,China;Jinan New Oasis Agricultural Development Co.,LTD.,Jinan 251619,Shandong,China)

机构地区：[1]山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室,山东泰安271018 [2]商河县农业局,山东济南251600 [3]济南新绿洲农业发展有限公司,山东济南251619

出　　处：《作物学报》2023年第5期1363-1371,共9页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：山东省重点研发计划项目(LJNY202103);山东省现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(SDAIT-02-08)资助。

摘　　要：品种改良对夏玉米单产的提升有重要贡献,但目前对现代夏玉米品种间产量形成差异的原因尚不明确。本研究在商河国家农作物品种展示示范中心设置大田试验,选用我国黄淮海区域近年来审定或将要审定的390个玉米品种,于玉米完熟期进行植株取样,测定不同品种产量及其构成因素、完熟期干物质积累与分配、氮素的积累、分配与利用以及光温利用效率,探究不同夏玉米品种的产量及资源利用效率的差异及其形成原因。不同品种的夏玉米产量存在显著差异,收获穗数、穗粒数和千粒重对产量的直接通径系数分别为0.57、1.00和0.88,表明品种间产量差异主要由穗粒数的变化影响。植株的干物质和氮素的积累与分配均对夏玉米产量有极显著影响,与籽粒产量<7 t hm^(–2)的品种相比,7.0~8.0、8.0~9.0、9.0~10.0、10.0~11.0和>11.0 t hm^(–2)产量范围内的品种植株群体总干物质积累量分别提高了12.25%、20.52%、29.61%、40.11%和54.04%;籽粒氮素积累量分别提高了16.62%、24.85%、38.45%、48.42%和68.41%;籽粒干物质分配比例分别增加了5.11%、9.93%、13.32%、15.51%和17.94%,籽粒氮素分配比例分别增加了4.09%、7.24%、7.37%、7.31%和10.91%;籽粒光能利用效率分别提高了12.50%、21.25%、30.00%、41.25%和55.00%;籽粒温度利用效率分别提高了11.36%、20.45%、29.55%、39.77%和53.41%。高产玉米品种通过提高玉米群体干物质和氮素积累量,增加籽粒干物质及氮素分配比例,提高植株氮素和光温利用效率,促进产量构成三因素的协同提升,特别是穗粒数的提升,从而实现夏玉米高产高效生产。Variety improvement plays an important role in improving the yield per unit area of summer maize,but the reasons for the yield difference between modern summer maize varieties are not clear at present.The experiment was conducted at the National Demonstration Center for Crop Varieties in Shanghe.390 maize varieties approved or to be approved in Huang-Huai-Hai rivers region of China were selected.To explore the yield and resource use efficiency differences of different summer maize varieties and their causes,plant samples were taken at maize maturity stage to determine yield and its components,dry matter accumulation and distribution,nitrogen accumulation,distribution and utilization,and radiation and thermal utilization efficiency of different varieties at maturity stage.There were significant differences in yield among different varieties of summer maize.The direct path coefficients of number of harvested ear,grain number per ear,and 1000-grain weight on yield were 0.57,1.00,and0.88,respectively,indicating that the yield difference among varieties were mainly affected by the change of grain number per ear.The accumulation and distribution of dry matter and nitrogen had significant effects on summer maize yield.Compared with that in the yield range of<7 t hm^(–2),the total dry matter of the plant population in the yield range of 7.0–8.0,8.0–9.0,9.0–10.0,10.0–11.0,and>11.0 t hm^(–2)was increased by 12.25%,20.52%,29.61%,40.11%,and 54.04%,respectively.Grain nitrogen accumulation was increased by 16.62%,24.85%,38.45%,48.42%,and 68.41%,respectively.Grain dry matter allocation was increased by 5.11%,9.93%,13.32%,15.51%,and 17.94%,and grain nitrogen allocation was increased by 4.09%,7.24%,7.37%,7.31%,and 10.91%,respectively.The radiation use efficiency of grain was increased by 12.50%,21.25%,30.00%,41.25%,and55.00%,respectively.The thermal utilization efficiency of grain was increased by 11.36%,20.45%,29.55%,39.77%,and 53.41%,respectively.To achieve high-yielding and high-efficient production of summer maize

关 键 词：夏玉米品种 产量构成 干物质积累 氮素分配 光温利用效率 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]