美国塑造国际贸易规则的符号权力——以公平贸易为例  

The Symbolic Power of the United States in Shaping International Trade Rules:Fair Trade as an Example

作　　者：郝荻 Hao Di

机构地区：[1]首都经济贸易大学法学院,北京100070

出　　处：《国际论坛》2023年第2期103-122,158,159,共22页International Forum

基　　金：首都经济贸易大学北京市属高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(XJ2022003101)。

摘　　要：符号权力是通过塑造符号在社会主体内部建立认同的一种话语权力,是美国塑造国际贸易规则的关键力量。符号权力在国际社会主体间不均衡地分布,该权力的行使需要以特定符号为载体,选择的符号兼具正当性、非中性与模糊性;符号权力的行使主体通常通过符号选择服务本国利益,通过概念分类实现行为分类,通过附加标签实现群体分类,通过制度化提升权力合法性,通过沟通互动促进符号和规则的内化,再通过利益扩散协助建立自身权威。美国长期利用“公平贸易”符号塑造国际贸易规则,并依据不同时期的利益诉求为“公平贸易”赋予不同的解释。美国的这一实践恰好体现了符号权力的内在特征和形成机理,因而构成了美国行使符号权力服务国家战略、塑造国际规则、打击竞争对手的成功范例。未来中国应有取舍地学习美国符号权力的运用方式,既要积极对接符合本国改革方向的高标准国际经贸规则,也要对缺乏正当性的符号内涵进行反思与再解释,还要主动提出标识性符号并推动国内、国际制度创新,争取在既有国际贸易规则的重构和新规则的创设过程中发挥更大的话语权和影响力。Symbolic power,which is a kind of discourse power that fosters identity within social groups through symbolic practices,is a key American instrument in shaping international trade rules.Unevenly distributed among actors in the international society,such power is exercised with reference to specific symbols,which need to be both legitimate,non-neutral and ambiguous.The agents who wield symbolic power usually can realize various purposes,including the promotion of national interests through symbol selection,the classification of behaviors through conceptual classification,the classification of groups through additional labels,increasing power legitimacy through institutionalization,promoting the internalization of symbols and rules through communication and interaction,and the legitimation of authority through the diffusion of benefits.The US,which has long used the symbol of“fair trade”to shape international trade rules,has interpreted“fair trade”in different ways according to its definitions of interests at different periods of time.The American use of“fair trade”as a symbol to shape international trade rules exactly reflects the internal characteristics and formation mechanism of symbolic power,thus constituting a successful example of the US exercising symbolic power to serve national strategies,shape international rules and hit its competitors.In the future,China should learn something useful from the American use of symbol power.It should not only actively embrace high-standard international economic and trade rules that are consistent with the direction of its own reform,but also reconsider and reinterpret symbols that lack legitimacy.It should also take the initiative to put forward its signature symbols and promote institutional innovations at home and abroad,striving to exercise greater discourse power and exert greater influence in the reconstruction of existing international trade rules and the creation of new rules.

关 键 词：符号权力 国际话语权 国际贸易规则 公平贸易 

分 类 号：D51[政治法律—政治学]