武力攻击的紧迫性问题——国家援引自卫权应对紧迫性武力攻击的晚近实践  

On the Issue of the Imminence of Armed Attacks:Recent State Practice of Self-Defense against Imminent Armed Attacks

作　　者：黄瑶[1,2] 陈虹霏 HUANG Yao;CHEN Hongfei(Sun Yat-sen University)

机构地区：[1]中山大学法学院,广东广州510275 [2]南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)海洋法团队 [3]南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)

出　　处：《边界与海洋研究》2023年第1期45-65,共21页Journal of Boundary and Ocean Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“武装冲突法的新发展及对国家反分裂武力行动的适用问题研究”(22BFX166)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在《联合国宪章》框架下,国家行使自卫权的必要条件是“受到武力攻击”。但近些年来,一些国家在武力攻击并未实际发生时即采取所谓的自卫行动,并声称它们使用武力应对的是“紧迫的武力攻击”。传统上,武力攻击的紧迫性被视为时间标准,武力攻击具有紧迫性意味着攻击即将发生,但一些国家对武力攻击的紧迫性进行灵活解释,并提出新的判断标准,这些新标准的适用将导致自卫权被不当扩大。对此,可能的解决办法是,应将预先性自卫视为一种违法性阻却事由而非国家的一项权利,并由联合国安理会对各国作出的武力攻击紧迫性认定进行事后评估。Under the UN Charter,the right of self-defense exists only in response to an armed attack.In recent years,however,some states exercised the right of self-defense prior to armed attacks,claiming that their actions were in response to imminent armed attacks.Traditionally,imminence of armed attacks has been considered a temporal criterion,while some states have introduced new criteria to interpret the concept of imminence more flexibly.The application of these new criteria would expand the law of self-defense beyond the UN Charter.A possible solution is to regard anticipatory self-defense as an excuse of illegality instead of a right,and the United Nations Security Council shall review the claim of imminence of armed attacks.

关 键 词：《联合国宪章》 使用武力 自卫权 武力攻击 紧迫性 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学]