《民法典》第447—452条(一般留置权的成立要件与效力)评注  

Comments on Article 447452 of the Civil Code(Conditions and Effect of General Lien)

作　　者：郝丽燕 Hao Liyan

机构地区：[1]山东建筑大学法学院

出　　处：《南大法学》2023年第2期128-148,共21页NanJing University Law Journal

基　　金：2022年度国家社科基金重大项目“我国民法评注编纂重大问题研究”(22&ZD 205)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：留置权具有督促债务人履行和直接对动产变价清偿的双重功能。留置权担保的债权包括合同之债和不当得利、无因管理、侵权之债等法定之债。被担保债权诉讼时效期间届满的,如果此时债权人已经行使了留置权中的拒绝返还权,则主债权的诉讼时效期间届满不影响债权人继续行使留置权。债权人留置动产不得违反当事人约定、法律规定、公序良俗、诚实信用原则等。被留置的动产不限于债务人拥有所有权和处分权的动产,第三人的动产也可被留置。为限制任意留置,动产与债权必须处于“同一法律关系”,包括债权由物本身引起、动产返还义务与债权产生处于同一法律关系。动产与债权处于同一事实关系或者同一生活关系的,不属于同一法律关系。在债权产生的时间点,债权人应当已经合法占有动产。留置权成立后,债权人有拒绝返还和优先受偿双重效力。因此它成立留置权人的占有权。留置权是否及于代位物和孳息,视情况而定。鉴于从物的辅助功能,留置权一般及于从物。留置权人未尽善良管理人之注意义务,致动产损毁灭失的,承担损害赔偿责任。Lien has the dual functions:urging the debtor to perform and paying off the movable property directly.The creditor\s rights guaranteed by lien include contractual debt and legal debts such as debts of unjust enrichment,management without cause,tort and other statutory debts,etc.If the limitation period of action for the secured creditor\s rights expires,if the creditor has exercised the right to refuse to return the chattel at this time,the expiration of the limitation period of action for the secured creditor\s rights will not affect the creditor\s continued exercise of the lien.The creditor exercises lien shall not violate the agreement of the parties,legal provisions,public order and good customs,the principle of good faith.The chattel under lien is not limited to the chattel that the debtor has ownership and right of disposition,and the chattel of a third party can also be retained.In order to limit arbitrary lien,chattel and secured creditor\s right must be in the“same legal relationship”,including that creditor\s right is caused by the property itself,and the obligation to return chattel and creditor\s right are in the same legal relationship.If the chattel and the secured creditor\s right are in the same factual relationship or the same life relationship,they do not belong to the same legal relationship.At the time point when the creditor\s right arises,the creditor should have legally possessed the chattel.After the establishment of the lien,the creditor has the dual effect:refusing to return and preferring to be repaid.Therefore,the lien establishes the possessory right of the lien holder.Whether the lien extends to subrogation and fruits depends on the situation.In view of the auxiliary function of the accessory,the lien generally extends to the accessory.If the lien holder fails to perform the duty of care of a good administrator and causes damage to or loss of the movable property,he shall be liable for damages.

关 键 词：留置权 法定担保物权 拒绝返还权 同一法律关系 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]