论无因管理受益人追认之效力——以《民法典》第984条的解释论为中心  

On the Effectiveness of the Ratification by Beneficiary of Negotiorum Gestio-Focusing on the Interpretation of Article 984 of the Civil Code

作　　者：吴训祥 WU Xunxiang(School of Law,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院,北京100871

出　　处：《法学论坛》2023年第2期68-77,共10页Legal Forum

摘　　要：我国的无因管理制度仅涉及“真正”无因管理时内部关系中的财产清算问题,并不产生外部关系中管理人法定代理权的授予效果,但第984条规定的追认制度可能产生外部效力。当受益人依第984条行使追认时,就无因管理制度的内部关系而言,发生不完全拟制的法律效果,当事人双方的权利义务关系不再受第979条以下规制,而是法定地溯及适用第919条以下委托合同的相关规定。不过受益人依第984条的追认本身并不会改变内部关系上的无因管理性质,原则上不会产生外部效力。但出于实践上的考量也可推定该追认同时包含依第171条对无权代理所从事之法律行为的追认,此时第984条的追认的效力将及于外部关系,并根据管理人以自己名义或以受益人名义与第三人之间实施的法律行为的不同,发生无权代理或表见代理、以及间接代理之间的差别。第984条但书排除了受益人追认的效力,但不发生其他在内部关系中的效果。The Negotiorum Gestio in the Civil Code only deals with the liquidation of property in the internal relationship in the case of"true"Negotiorum Gestio,and does not have the effect of granting legal agency to the administrator in the external relationship,but the ratification system provided for in Article 984 may have external effects.When the beneficiary exercises ratification pursuant to Article 984,the legal effect of incomplete fiction occurs in relation to the internal relationship of the Negotiorum Gestio,and the relationship between the rights and obligations of the parties is no longer governed by Article 979 below,but by the statutory retroactive application of the relevant provisions of the mandate contract below Article 919.However,the ratification by the beneficiary under Article 984 does not change the internal relationship in the nature of a Negotiorum Gestio and does not have external effects.However,for practical reasons,it may be assumed that the ratification also includes the ratification of legal transactions performed by the false procurator according to Article 171,in which case the effect of the ratification under Article 984 will extend to the external relationship,with the distinction between a false procurator or an indirect agent,depending on the legal transactions performed by the administrator in his own name or in the name of the beneficiary with a third party.The proviso to article 984 excludes the effect of ratification by beneficiary,but does not have other effects in the internal relationship.

关 键 词：无因管理 追认 不完全拟制 无权代理 间接代理 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]