妨害公务行为的行政处罚:在规范与现实之间  

Administrative Penalties for Impairing Public Service:Between Norms and Reality

作　　者：赵宏 Zhao Hong

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法学院

出　　处：《政法论坛》2023年第2期73-84,共12页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“行政法上第三人的权利保护研究”(21BFX050)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：新冠疫情期间,妨害公务类的案件大幅增加,由此也引发《治安管理处罚法》第50条应如何理解与适用的问题。应受处罚的妨害公务行为直接对接《刑法》中的妨害公务罪,鉴于两者在要件构成上的相似性,刑法学理对妨害公务罪的讨论,可成为明晰此类违法行为构成要件的借镜。除可参照刑法进行要件提取外,第50条第1款第(一)项还指向应急状态下如何弥合行政应急处罚权的配置实施与相对人权利保护的矛盾。为避免应急法治被彻底架空,本项中的“紧急状态”应做符合《宪法》和《突发事件应对法》的解释,而不能被随意扩张。第50条第1款第(一)项和第(二)项由此也应被塑造为妨害公务行为的特殊和一般条款。作为一般规定,第(二)项所维护的是日常状态下的公务执行和社会秩序,第(三)项和第(四)项应被理解为日常公务中的紧急任务,而第(一)项针对的则是法律明确限定的紧急状态下的公务履行。During the period of the new epidemic,the number of cases impairing public affairs increased signiflcantly,which also led to the question of how to understand and apply Article 50 of the Law on Administrative Penalties for Public Security.The punishable act of impairing public service is directly connected with the crime of impairing public service in the Criminal Law.In view of the similarity in the elements of the two crimes,the discussion on the crime of impairing public service in criminal law theory can serve to clarify the elements of such illegal acts.In addition to referring to the criminal law for the extraction of elements,Article 50,paragraph 1(1)also refers to how to bridge the contradiction between the allocation and implementation of administrative emergency punishment power and the protection of the rights of the counterpart under emergency conditions.In order to prevent the emergency rule of law from being completely suspended,the"state of emergency"in this item should be interpreted in accordance with the Constitution and the Emergency Response Law,and should not be arbitrarily expanded.Article 50,paragraph 1 item(1)and(2)should thus also be shaped as special and general provisions for obstruction of public service.As a general rule,Item(2)maintains the execution of official duties and social order in a daily state,Items(3)and(4)should be understood as urgent tasks in daily official duties,while Item(1)refers to the performance of official duties in an emergency state clearly deflned by law.

关 键 词：应受处罚的妨害公务行为 阻碍 拒不执行 紧急状态 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学] D922.1[政治法律—法学]