缓控释肥一次性施用后土壤氮素供应与损失特征研究  

Characteristics of Soil Nitrogen Supply and Losses after a One-Off Application of Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizer

作　　者：杨俊刚[1,2] 安文博 连炳瑞 邹国元 王激清[2,3] 孙焱鑫 YANG Jun-gang;AN Wen-bo;LIAN Bing-rui;ZOU Guo-yuan;WANG Ji-qing;SUN Yan-xin(Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources,Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Beijing 100097;Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center for Slow,Controlled-release Fertilizer,Beijing 100097;College of Agriculture and Forestry,Hebei North University,Zhangjiakou 075000,China)

机构地区：[1]北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京100097 [2]北京市缓控释肥料工程技术研究中心,北京100097 [3]河北北方学院农林科技学院,河北张家口075000

出　　处：《玉米科学》2023年第1期135-142,共8页Journal of Maize Sciences

基　　金：财政部和农业农村部“国家现代农业产业技术体系”(CARS-02);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0200601);北京市粮经作物产业创新团队(BAIC09-2019)。

摘　　要：采用小区试验,设置常规施肥(U,240 kg/hm^(2))、包膜控释肥料(CU,180 kg/hm^(2))、双效抑制剂增效肥料(DU,180 kg/hm^(2))、添加生物炭保护层的抑制剂增效肥料(BU,180 kg/hm^(2))一次性施肥、无氮对照(CK)5个处理,研究对夏玉米生长、产量、氨挥发和土壤无机氮残留的影响。结果表明,一次性施肥显著增加了苗期无机氮的供应,在大喇叭口期维持一定的供氮强度,其中BU处理供氮较高。与常规施肥处理相比,一次性减量施肥对营养生长的影响不明显,产量未出现下降,氮肥农学效率显著增加,氨挥发降低54%~63%,硝态氮残留减少6%~20%。3种缓控释肥减量一次性施用均可维持较高的产量并降低环境影响。与聚合物包膜控释肥相比,双效抑制剂增效肥制作简单、成本低,氮素释放快、供应充足,添加生物炭保护层可以进一步促进增产增效。A field experiment was conducted with 5 treatments,(1)control(CK):no N fertilizer;(2)convention⁃al fertilization(U):traditional urea at 240 kg/ha by two splits;(3)synergistic urea(DU):double-effect inhibitor syner⁃gistic urea mixed with traditional urea=2:1,one-off fertilization at 180 kg/ha;(4)coated urea(CU):resin-coated urea mixed with traditional urea=1:2,one-off application at 180 kg/ha;(5)biochar synergistic urea(BU):biochar synergistic urea and traditional urea mixed at 2:1,one-off fertilization at 180 kg/ha,to verify the trait of nitrogen(N)supply,yield and environmental impacts.Three one-off fertilization treatments significantly increased mineral N supply in the early stage,and maintained a certain N supply intensity in the big bell stage;the N supply of the BU treatment was higher than the other two treatments.Compared with U treatment,one-off fertilization did not produce obvious effects on maize growth and yield,and the agronomic N efficiency increased significantly,the NH3 emission decreased by 54%-63%and soil nitrate N residues also decreased by 6%-29%.In Conclusion,one-off application of the controlledow release fertilizers by 25%reduction can sustain a high-level yield and reduce environmental im⁃pacts.In comparison to polymer-coated urea,the manufacture of double effect inhibitor synergistic urea is simpler,lower cost,and the N release is faster,resulting in sufficient supply.The double effect inhibitor synergistic urea add⁃ed with biochar protective layer can further promote yield and N use efficiency.

关 键 词：夏玉米 包膜尿素 增效尿素 氨挥发 氮素残留 

分 类 号：S513.062[农业科学—作物学]