重农学派与18世纪法国旧制度改革  

The Physiocrats and Old Regime Change in Eighteenth-Century France

作　　者：张慧 Zhang Hui

机构地区：[1]中国历史研究院世界历史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《历史研究》2023年第1期146-166,M0007,共22页Historical Research

摘　　要：17、18世纪之交,法国政治经济困境加剧,以费内隆和布朗维利埃为代表的思想家,从宗教和历史中寻找政治改革合法性,回顾和珍视旧制度下的等级—团体制度,维护等级制王权国家。随着重农学派的兴起,传统改革观念被反思和颠覆。重农学派从反历史的、普遍主义的自然权利理论出发,用诉诸自然理性的政治话语突破了旧式等级观,通过社会契约论解释国家形成,将财富生产方式与国民身分相联系,由此设计出以财产为标准界定公民身分的政治方案。这一新形式促进了传统王权国家向现代民族国家的转型,但具有明显的历史局限性,无形中塑造了另外一个特权阶层。At the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries,the political and economic diffi culties of France intensified.One school of thought,represented by Fénelon and Boulainvilliers,considered the legitimacy of political reform from the perspective of religion and history,harking back to and revering the hierarchical-group system of the Old Regime and supporting the monarchy.But with the rise of the Physiocrats,traditional concepts of reform were refl ected upon and subverted.Starting from an anti-historical and universal theory of natural rights,the Physiocrats broke away from old hierarchical views through an appeal to the political discourse of natural reason,explaining the formation of the state in terms of a social contract theory,and linking the mode of wealth production with national identity,thus developing a political scheme delimiting citizens’identities on the basis of property.This new form promoted the transition from traditional monarchy to modern nation-state,but possessed obvious historical limitations and has virtually shaped another type of privileged class.

关 键 词：重农学派 绝对君主制 财产权 法国 旧制度 

分 类 号：K565.3[历史地理—历史学] D756.5[历史地理—世界史]