犯罪故意中的“明知”  

Regarding “Knowing” in the Criminal Intent

作　　者：张明楷[1] ZHANG Mingkai

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《上海政法学院学报（法治论丛）》2023年第1期38-54,共17页Journal of Shanghai University of Political Science & Law(The Rule of Law Forum)

摘　　要：犯罪故意中的明知,是指知道、认识到、预见到,不应承认明知与预见的区别,也不应将明知限定为明确知道或者确切知道。虽然司法解释明文规定“明知是指知道或应当知道”,刑法理论也一直将“应当知道”补正解释为推定行为人知道,但“应当知道”的规定不仅存在逻辑缺陷,而且误导下级司法机关将过失行为认定为故意犯罪,所以,司法解释不应继续将“应当知道”归入明知。明知可能(明知自己的行为可能发生危害结果)不同于可能明知(可能知道自己的行为会发生危害结果),可能明知不属于明知;只有在可能明知的前提下,进一步知道自己的行为会发生危害结果,才属于明知。Knowing in the criminal intent refers to awareness, recognizing and foreseeing. Knowing should neither be differentiated from foreseeing, nor be defined as explicit knowledge or exact knowledge.Although the judicial interpretation stipulates that “knowing refers to know or should know”, and the criminal law theory has been trying to define “should know” as to presume that the actor ought to know through correction interpretation, the “should-know” stipulation not only has flaws in its logic, but also misleads the subordinate judicial organs to determine the crime of negligence as intentional crime. Therefore,the judicial interpretation should not continue to classify “should know” as one of the circumstances of knowing. Knowing possibility(knowing that his/her act has possibility to cause harmful results) does not equal to possibly knowing(possibly knowing that his/her act will cause harmful results), that is, possibly knowing does not belong to the category of knowing. Only on the premise of possibly knowing, then knowing that his/her act will cause harmful results, it is knowing in the criminal intent.

关 键 词：犯罪故意 明知 已经预见 应当知道 

分 类 号：D611[政治法律—政治学]