菜-鱼复合设施种养系统构建与运行试验分析  

Constructing and operating synergy model of aquaponic system integrated with soil-based cultivation

作　　者：徐琰斐[1] 单建军[1] 顾川川[1] 高霞婷 张宇雷[1] 倪琦[1] XU Yanfei;SHAN Jianjun;GU Chuanchuan;GAO Xiating;ZHANG Yulei;NI Qi(Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Key Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering Technology,MARA,China Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Facilities Engineering,MARA,Shanghai 200092,China)

机构地区：[1]中国水产科学研究院渔业机械仪器研究所,农业农村部渔业装备与工程技术重点实验室,农业农村部水产养殖设施工程重点实验室,上海200092

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2023年第2期150-156,共7页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家重点研发计划资助(2020YFD0900305);中国水产科学研究院科技创新团队项目(2020TD78)。

摘　　要：针对工厂化循环水养殖废弃物资源化利用难题,该研究将传统鱼菜共生技术进行改进,提出并构建一种菜-鱼复合设施种养模式。通过设计3路水循环工艺流程,将工厂化循环水养殖、蔬菜无土栽培(即鱼菜共生系统)与传统土壤种植结合,以促进水产养殖固液废弃物全循环利用。基于质量平衡原理,根据投饲量和养殖尾水排放量提出鱼菜生物量配比和发酵装置体积计算方式,以提高系统营养物质利用效率。建立一套中试系统,使用该系统同时养殖大口黑鲈、种植水培生菜和番茄160 d,结果显示:鱼类生长良好,最终养成密度为41.6 kg/m^(3),特定生长率为0.42%,存活率99.95%,饵料系数为1.4;蔬菜长势良好,收获水培生菜1205 kg,收获番茄果实2400 kg。水质情况总体稳定:总氨氮平均浓度为(0.83±1.46)mg/L、亚硝酸盐平均浓度为(0.035±0.062)mg/L、硝酸盐平均浓度为(25.1±8.06)mg/L、溶解氧浓度范围为4.25~7.16 mg/L、pH值平均为6.8;水产养殖废弃物发酵后,可使水体中总磷含量提高141%,钾离子含量提高7%;系统经济效益和生态效益较好:年利润约为4.6万元,化肥施用量减少4/5,农药施用量减少3/4,日换水量小于5%。该研究可为推进水产养殖节水减排、促进循环农业发展提供技术支持。A synergy model of the aquaponic system was integrated with soil-based cultivation,particularly for the recycling use of aquaculture wastewater and solids.A three-way water cycle process was also designed in this study.A pilot system was built at Yaomo village,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China in 2020.Three parts were composed mainly of the recirculating aquaculture system(RAS),hydroponics,and soil-based cultivation unit,specifically including the fish tank,radial-flow clarifier,micro-screen drum filter,moving bed biofilm reactor(MBBR),mineralization tank,ultraviolet sterilizer,sump tank,hydroponic troughs,and farmland.In a three-way water cycle process,the first way was a circulation loop of the RAS unit,where the effluent first went through the physical filters under gravity,and then lifted into the MBBR by pump to remove ammonia nitrogen,and nitrate.Finally,the water flowed into the ultraviolet sterilization,and then returned to a fish tank.The second way was a circulation loop of“aquaculture unit to hydroponics unit”,where the aquaculture effluent was loaded with the nutrients,filtered into the hydroponic troughs where the plant roots were fertilized,then recycled back to the fish tank,and remediated cumulated nutrients.The third way was the“aquaculture unit to soil-based cultivation unit”cycle,where the fish sludge solids were accumulated into the mineralization tank,and then irrigated to the farmland after being mineralized by the pump.In the RAS unit,the respiration and metabolism of fish and the decomposition of the residual feed produced ammonia nitrogen and then converted to nitrate nitrogen under the effect of microorganisms in the MBBR and on the surface of plant roots.In the hydroponics unit,the plants absorbed nitrate nitrogen produced from the RAS unit,and then purified the aquaculture wastewater.In the soil-based cultivation unit,the fish sludge solids(mainly composed of degradable organic matter)were degraded to small molecules in a mineralisation tank,whereas,the macronutrients(i.e.N,P

关 键 词：设施 蔬菜 鱼 鱼菜共生 循环水养殖 蔬菜无土栽培 土壤种植 

分 类 号：S964[农业科学—水产养殖]