历史与未来:公证体制改革视域下的公证组织法律性质——基于公证权的社会化视角  

History and Future of the Legal Nature of Notarial Organizations in the Context of Notarial System Reform:An Investigation from the Perspective of the Socialization of Notarial Power

作　　者：廖永安[1,2] 张红旺 Liao Yongan;Zhang Hongwang

机构地区：[1]湘潭大学法学院 [2]司法部公证理论研究与人才培训基地

出　　处：《法治现代化研究》2023年第1期19-35,共17页Law and Modernization

基　　金：国家社科基金应急管理体系建设研究专项“突发公共卫生事件中涉疫矛盾纠纷的防范与化解研究”(20VYJ043)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：20多年来,公证体制改革由于始终未能有效解决三大问题,即公证服务因国家单方供给而造成的垄断困境,公证组织难以真正获得自主管理权,公证员的工资待遇与其劳动、责任风险不相匹配,而使得公证事业发展缓慢。唯有继续沿着公证权社会化的方向前进才能从根源上解决这些问题,但改革者却因难以明确公证权究竟适宜交由何种法律性质的公证组织行使而踟蹰不前。结合比较法考察和中国探索经验,未来公证体制改革应通过根据公证服务特性明确影响公证组织法律性质的相关因素,如公证组织可否为营利组织及其与设立者之间的财产关系和责任关系等,进而为实践划定合理边界的方式来实现公证权社会化。在坚持党的领导下的公证机构本位和设立资金只出于公证员的原则下,可以参照社会企业允许公证组织适度营利以吸引高素质法律人才参与公证服务供给。For over 20 years,the reform of the notarial system has failed to effectively solve three major problems,namely the monopoly dilemma caused by the unilateral supply of notarial services by the state,the difficulty for notarial organizations to gain real autonomy in management,and the mismatch between the pay the notaries receive and the work and the risks of responsibility they have to assume.This has slowed the development of the notarial business.The only way to solve these problems at the root is to continue the socialization of notarial power,but reformers are stalled by the difficulty of defining the legal nature of the notarial organization to which notarial power should be entrusted.Taking into account the perspective of comparative law and China􀆳s experience,the future reform of the notarial system should clarify the relevant factors affecting the legal nature of notarial organizations in accordance with the characteristics of notarial services,such as whether they can be profit-making organizations and how they are related to their founders in terms of property and liability,and then draw reasonable boundaries for practice in order to realize the socialization of notarial power.While adhering to the principle that a notarial organization should operate under the leadership of the CPC and the funds for its establishment should come only from the notary,the notarial organization,benchmarked against social enterprises,may be allowed to make a moderate profit in order to attract highly qualified legal personnel to participate in the supply of notarial services.

关 键 词：公证体制改革 公证权 社会化 合作制 社会企业 

分 类 号：D926.6[政治法律—法学]