物之瑕疵担保责任的嬗变——从“买方自慎”到“卖方尽责”  

The Transmutation of Warranty Liability for Defects of Goods

作　　者：金荣婧[1,2] JIN Rongjing

机构地区：[1]云南大学法学院 [2]云南艺术学院

出　　处：《法治研究》2023年第2期148-160,共13页Research on Rule of Law

基　　金：云南省哲学社会科学艺术学青年项目“艺术品交易保障机制研究”基金项目(项目编号:A2021QZ20);云南大学第十三届艺术品交易中“买者当心”原则的适用范围与责任机制研究科研创新项目(项目编号:2021Y003)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：买卖标的物之瑕疵担保责任随着社会发展而演变。早期交易主要规则是买方自行承担标的物存在瑕疵的风险。商品生产复杂化后,物的瑕疵判定难度加大。故在法律行为基础理论之上,各国重新构造双方权利和义务关系,逐渐确立了卖方对物的瑕疵担保规则。对此,大陆法系采取在违反合同义务之外,设立物之瑕疵担保,但发展中存在颇多掣肘。故以德国债法现代化改革为典型,采取统合方式来解决诸种问题。而英美法系一贯采用统一的违约模式进行规制。在我国,学理和实务中仍存在物的瑕疵担保责任与违约责任关系的若干争议,了解两大法系制度的演进,把握物之瑕疵担保责任变革轨迹就具有必要性。与此同时,我国《民法典》施行,物的瑕疵担保责任已被统合到违约责任体系,但其仍有不同于一般违约责任的特点及价值。通过考究历史,厘清争议焦点,形成共识,仍是法教义学上的重要任务。The warranty liability for defects of the subject matter changes with the development of the society.The main rule of early trading is that the buyer bears the risk of defects in the subject matter.After the Industrial revolution, the production of goods is complicated and the determination of defects is more difficult. Based on the basic theory of legal acts, countries begin to reconstruct the relationship between rights and obligations of both parties, gradually establish the principle of "Caveat Venditor", highlighting the seller’s guarantee of defects in the subject matter, in order to balance the interests of both parties. In this regard, the civil law system adopts the independent guarantee liability of defects in addition to the liability for breach of contract, which has a lot of constraints in the development. Therefore, taking the modernization reform of German debt law as a model, the method of integration is adopted to solve all kinds of problems.The common law system always uses the uniform default mode to regulate. In China, there are still some disputes about the relationship between warranty liability for defects and liability for breach of contract in theory and practice.It is necessary to understand the evolution of the two legal systems and grasp the system development and reform. Meanwhile,with the implementation of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, the guarantee liability for defects has been integrated into the liability system for breach of contract,but it still has characteristics and values different from other liabilities for breach of contract. It is still an important task of legal dogma to clarify the focus of disputes and form a consensus by studying history.

关 键 词：买方自慎 物的瑕疵担保 违约责任体系 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学] D996[政治法律—法学]