半干旱区地表覆盖方式对土壤水温效应及玉米产量的影响  

Effects of surface mulching on soil water and temperature efficiency and maize yield in semi-arid area

作　　者：张丽华[1] 徐晨[1] 闫伟平[1] 孙宁[1] 谭国波[1] 于江[1] 赵洪祥[1] 李斐 孟祥盟[1] 边少锋[1] ZHANG Lihua;XU Chen;YAN Weiping;SUN Ning;TAN Guobo;YU Jiang;ZHAO Hongxiang;LI Fei;MENG Xiangmeng;BIAN Shaofeng(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Changchun,Jilin 130033,China)

机构地区：[1]吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,吉林长春130033

出　　处：《干旱地区农业研究》2023年第2期179-192,共14页Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas

基　　金：吉林省农业科技创新工程项目-创新团队(CXGC2021TD003);国家现代农业产业技术体系洮南综合试验站项目(CARS-02-50);国家重点研发计划课题(2017YFD0300605)。

摘　　要：为探索吉林省半干旱区水分高效利用、玉米增产的栽培技术模式,采用不同覆盖材料进行为期4 a(2018—2021年)的大田试验,设置无覆盖(CK)、普通地膜覆盖(CM)、降解地膜覆盖(DM)和秸秆覆盖(SM)4个处理,研究不同覆盖方式对土壤水分、土壤温度、玉米生长发育及产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:玉米生育期内土壤贮水量时空变化与当年的降雨时空分配有关,垂直空间上20~60 cm土层土壤贮水量显著高于0~20 cm,处理间土壤贮水量SM>CM>DM>CK;耕层0~20 cm土壤温度随玉米生育时期推进呈先升后降的变化趋势,随土层深度的增加逐渐降低,降低幅度呈CM>SM>DM>CK的变化趋势。地表覆盖具有调节土壤温度的作用,与CK相比,CM和DM使5、6月土壤温度分别提升2.12、1.71℃和2.07、1.52℃,SM下降了1.72、1.01℃;与5、6月气温相比,地膜覆盖每日土壤温度较气温提升2.2~3.2℃,秸秆覆盖降低0.3~0.6℃,8、9月覆盖土壤温度下降幅度低于气温;与无覆盖(CK)相比,CM和DM处理4 a平均增产8.59%和14.10%,SM减产8.96%,水分利用效率CM和DM提高10.3%和15.6%,秸秆覆盖降低8.4%;玉米产量与5、6、8、9月以及5、10、15、20 cm土壤温度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与0~20 cm土层、R1期土壤贮水量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。降解地膜覆盖具有保墒、升温、增产、水分利用高效且环保等多重作用,可在半干旱区水分高效玉米增产栽培中进行推广。To explore water efficient cultivation technology and improve maize yield in semi-arid area of Jilin Province,a four-year experiment was carried out with different mulching materials.Four treatments included no mulching(CK),common plastic film mulching(CM),degradable plastic film mulching(DM)and straw mulching(SM).The effects of different mulching treatments on soil moisture,soil temperature,maize growth and development,yield and water use efficiency were studied.The results showed that the temporal and spatial variation of soil water storage during maize growth period was related to the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall in that year.The soil water storage in 20~60 cm vertical space was significantly higher than that in 0~20 cm,and the soil water storage of different treatments was SM>CM>DM>CK.The soil temperature of 0~20 cm in the cultivated layer increased first and then decreased with the growth period of maize,and gradually decreased with the increase of soil depth.The decreasing range was CM>SM>DM>CK.Compared with CK,CM and DM increased the ground temperature by 2.12℃,1.71℃and 2.07℃,1.52℃respectively in May and June,while SM decreased by 1.72℃,1.01℃.Compared with the temperature in May and June,the daily ground temperature of plastic film mulching increased by 2.2~3.2℃,and that of straw mulching decreased by 0.3~0.6℃.The decline range of ground temperature of mulching in August and September was lower than that of air temperature.The average yield of CM and DM increased by 8.59%and 14.10%,that of SM decreased by 8.96%,the water use efficiency of CM and DM increased by 10.3%and 15.6%,and the straw mulching decreased by 8.4%.Maize yield was significantly positively correlated with soil temperature in soil layer 5 cm,10 cm,15 cm and 20 cm during May,June,August and September,and negatively correlated with soil water storage in soil layer 0~20 cm and R1.Degradable plastic film mulching has multiple functions such as moisture conservation,temperature rise,yield increase,water efficienc

关 键 词：玉米 地表覆盖方式 土壤水分 土壤温度 产量 半干旱区 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S36S152