张议潮的政治联盟窟——由洞窟组合崖面空间再谈莫高窟第156窟的营建  

Zhang Yichao’s Political Alliance Cave——Understanding the Construction of Mogao Cave 156 Based on the Cliffs of the Grottoes

作　　者：梁红 沙武田[2] LIANG Hong;SHA Wutian(Religious Research Center,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi'an,Shaanxi 710119;Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi'an,Shaanxi 710119)

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学宗教研究中心,陕西西安710119 [2]陕西师范大学人文科学高等研究院,陕西西安710119

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2022年第6期23-34,共12页Dunhuang Research

基　　金：2022年度陕西师范大学“长安与丝路文化传播”专项科研项目“敦煌与长安交流视域下的莫高窟第148窟研究”(YZJDB06);国家社科基金冷门绝学研究专项学术团队项目“敦煌壁画外来图像文明属性研究”(2OVJXTO14);高等学校学科创新引智基地计划资助(Supported by the Project 111)“长安与丝路文化传播学科创新引智基地”(B1803)。

摘　　要：敦煌莫高窟作为历史时期遗留下来的佛教石窟寺,莫高窟所在的崖面成为中古历史的文化“景观”,也是敦煌历史特有的宗教、文化与艺术“空间”。如何面对像蜂巢一样的洞窟“空间”组合关系,其实关系到敦煌石窟营建方方面面的问题,其中洞窟组合在崖面“空间”上的关联,以及洞窟组合所展示出来的“历史物质性”,是我们今天阅读和理解庞大的莫高窟洞窟群时所面临的有趣课题之一。而莫高窟第156、158、159、161窟所在较为独立的崖面区段,以及这一组洞窟在组合关系上的“历史物质性”,或许是我们理解这一问题一个难得的入口和线索。加上第156窟作为归义军首任节度使张议潮的功德窟,结合其他三窟窟主的推论和洞窟营建特殊的历史背景,似乎可以看到在莫高窟营建史上一组特有的“政治联盟窟”,进而形成莫高窟崖面上的“张议潮政治联盟窟”。本着这样的思路,回过头来再看第156窟的营建史,实有新的发现或启示,第156窟最初的营建可以早到归义军之前的吐蕃时期,最可能的时间是《大蕃沙州敦煌郡摄节度功德颂》所记张议潮赶走吐蕃统治者,在沙州自任节度使摄州事的大中二年到大中五年,因此洞窟的崖面选址充分地考虑了和张议潮一道起事的政治盟友安景旻、阎英达功德窟所在位置,同时窟内壁画题材布局设计也延续了吐蕃的传统。As a Buddhist cave temple site that took shape in ancient times,the cliff surface of the Mogao Grottoes is now a rich cultural landscape of Chinese medieval history and an important space unique to the religious,cultural and artistic history of Dunhuang.The honeycombed combination of the cave spaces at the grottoes relates to many issues concerning the construction of Dunhuang caves.The cluster of Mogao caves 156,158,159 and 161,which is a relatively independent section of the cliffs,and the spatial relations combining these caves provides a convenient starting point for understanding the“historical materiality”of the Mogao Grottoes.In particular,Mogao cave 156 stands out because it was recently discovered to have been constructed to commemorate Zhang Yichao,the first governor of the Gui-yi-jun regime.By combining this fact with information about the owners of the caves and the special historical background of the other three caves,research has constructed a new image of these caves as forming a unique group of“political alliance caves”with its own place in the history of the Mogao Grottoes.The construction of“Zhang Yichao’s political union caves”in the cliff face of Mogao represents a unique and telling page of this history:the initial construction of Mogao cave 156 began as early as in the Tibetan Occupation period,most likely in the years between848 and 851CE,when Zhang Yichao defeated the Tibetan rulers and became the first governor of the Gui-yi-jun,as recorded in the Eulogy for the Military Governor of Dunhuang during the Tibetan Occupation.The selection of this cliff face for the construction of Mogao cave 156 was made in full consideration of the locations of other caves built to commemorate An Jingmin and Yan Yingda,who were both political allies of Zhang Yichao when he rose in rebellion against the Tibetan rulers.The themes and layout of the murals within the caves,however,continued to follow the pattern established by Tibetan tradition.

关 键 词：莫高窟崖面使用理论 洞窟组合空间 洞窟的历史物质性 张议潮功德窟 第156窟营建史 

分 类 号：K879.21[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]