论甲骨文“生月”“生某月”是商代的一种月相名  

Shengyue and Shengmouyue in Oracle Bone Inscriptions Are Names of Lunar Phases in the Shang Dynasty

作　　者：王晓鹏[1] Wang Xiaopeng(School of History and Culture,Shandong University,Jinan,Shandong,250100,China)

机构地区：[1]山东大学历史文化学院,山东济南250100

出　　处：《古代文明（中英文）》2023年第2期80-96,158,159,共19页The Journal of Ancient Civilizations

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“甲骨学大辞典”(项目批号:18ZDA303)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：甲骨卜辞中“生月”“生某月”的“生”用于月份前不表示“来”义(即下一个),而表示月光的生出,与西周月相名“生霸”之“生”同义。殷商时期已出现月相名,“生月”(或生某月)应是商代的一种月相名,与商代以后月相名“朏”所表示的新月生出而“月未盛之明”是同义的。商代月相名与西周月相名体系既有联系又存在一定差别。甲骨卜辞“生月”“生某月”“月生”“月死冥”之称与古代文献中“月生”“生月”“月死”“死月”等词语相吻合,依据古文献记载,“生月”指每月月光初生向圆的月相时段。卜辞中“生月”“生某月”之称用于纪时,表示每月月光初生向圆的多日时段,与干支日结合则指这一时段中的某一日。卜辞常见月相名“生月”“生某月”,殷人重视占卜“生月”时段的事情和现象,这与殷人尚白等观念应当有关系。探究月相名“生月”“生某月”及其纪时问题,对于商代史研究具有重大意义,是深入研究商代纪时、历法、年代学和商代文化的一个关键点。The names of lunar phases appeared in the Shang Dynasty.Shengyue(生月)and shengmouyue(生某月)in oracle bone inscriptions are two of that type of names.The character sheng(生)used before the name of month does not meancoming,but rather a synonym of sheng in the word shengba(生霸)which is a name of the lunar phase used in the Western Zhou Dynasty.However,the names of the lunar phases of the Shang Dynasty are related to but meanwhile different from those ofthe Western Zhou Dynasty.Shengyue,shengmouyue,yuesheng(月生)and yuesiming(月死冥)in oracle bone inscriptions are consistent with the words yuesheng,shengyue,yuesi(月死)and siyue(死月)in some ancient texts.According to these ancient texts,shengyue refers to a lunar phase from the first appearance of moonlight to full moonlight.Shengyue and shengmouyue in oracle bone inscriptions are used as time-recording terms referring to a multi-day period from the first appearance of moonlight to full moonlight.When shengyue and shengmouyue are combined with the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches,they refer to a particular day within the referred period.People of the Shang Dynasty attached great importance to the divination conducted during the period of shengyue,which is probably related to people's respect of whiteness in the Shang Dynasty.Therefore,the lunar phases shengyue and shengmouyue often appear in oracle bone inscriptions and they are important for the study the history,chronology,and culture of the Shang Dynasty.

关 键 词：商代 甲骨文 生月 生某月 月相名 

分 类 号：K877.1[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K223[历史地理—历史学]