清代思想史上的私有产权议题:以限田论争为切入点  

The Issue of Private Property Rights in Qing Intellectual History:The Case of the Debate on Private Land Ownership Restrictions

作　　者：赖骏楠 Lai Junnan

机构地区：[1]复旦大学法学院,上海200438

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2023年第2期32-48,共17页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：上海市曙光计划项目“近代中国土地法制变革研究”(批准号:19SG03)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：清前中期学界有关限田的论争是观察清代产权观念的重要窗口。清前期限田派在规范性论辩上占据优势,他们充分利用儒家的王道、仁政、三代之治等语汇和思想资源来支持自身,并将井田界定为“理”的外王呈现。但因与清代的产权和市场实践及基层治理现实相悖,限田论在实用性论辩上面临较大困难。清前期反限田派将私有产权和贫富分化归结为“情”,从而为其主张获得理学世界观中的规范性落脚点。由于顺应清代实际情况,反限田派的实用性论辩较为成功。清中期皇权以文字狱等手段,多次介入限田论争,并残酷打压部分限田论者。政治上的不利局面,并未阻止清中期限田派坚持信念,且部分限田主张能结合宗族等社会现实,提出变通方案。逐渐占据论争上风的反限田派,在清中期继续完善自身的规范性论辩,尤其是以今文经学推翻了清代主流儒学中的复古史观,解构了以三代之治作为评价一切制度之标准和改革目标的意义,从而为彻底放弃限田企图、尊重现有产权秩序提供了正当性空间。清代经济观念与实践之间的复杂作用方式、儒家思想在应对帝制中国各时代治理问题上的潜力等议题,均值得学界严肃对待。The academic debate about private land ownership restrictions in the early and middle Qing dynasty is an important window to observe the conception of property rights in that dynasty.In early Qing,the pro-restriction school dominated the normative arguments.They made full use of Confucian vocabularies and resources,such as the kingly way,benevolent government,the rule of the ancient three dynasties to support themselves,and defined jingtian as the outer presentation of the"principle"(li).However,given the contradiction with the practice of property rights and markets and the reality of local governance in the Qing dynasty,the pro-restriction school faced great difficulties in pragmatic argumentation.In early Qing,the contra-restriction school attributed private property rights and polarization between the rich and the poor to the"fact"(qing),thus providing their claims with a normative footing in the worldview of Neo-Confucianism.The pragmatic arguments of the contra-restriction school were more successful because they responded to the reality of private properties in the Qing dynasty.In middle Qing,the imperial power intervened in this debate by means of textual prisons and others,and brutally suppressed some pro-restriction theorists.Nevertheless,such political disadvantages did not prevent the mid-Qing land-restrictionists from holding on to their beliefs,and some of them were able to combine social realities such as clans to propose alternative solutions.The contra-restrictionists,who gradually gained the upper hand in the debate,continued to refine their normative arguments in the mid-Qing period,especially by overturning the nostalgia view of mainstream Confucianism with the New Text scholarship and deconstructing the significance of the model of the ancient three dynasties as the criterion for evaluating all political systems and as the goal of reform,thus providing room for justifying the complete abandonment of the attempt to restrict private land ownership.The complex ways of interaction between economi

关 键 词：产权 限田 皇权 儒家 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学] F129[历史地理—中国史]