近代天津拨码制度研究  

Research on Boma Institution in Modern Tientsin

作　　者：荣晓峰 Rong Xiaofeng

机构地区：[1]山西大学晋商学研究所,太原030006 [2]山西大学山西省晋商学与区域经济发展协同创新中心,太原030006

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2023年第2期67-85,共19页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“近代中国金融市场发展与运行研究”(批准号:16ZDA133);国家社会科学基金一般项目“近代中国虚银两制度研究”(批准号:22BJL131)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：拨码制度是近代天津具有地方特色的转账结算与信用票据制度,光绪初年开始通行于天津钱业。拨码制度建立在天津钱业的“川换”和“靠家”关系基础上,在由津帮大银号和钱业公会构建的支付协同体内运行。拨码具有转账支付、债务清结、同业拆借、短期借贷和票据清算等多种功能,其功能和特征处于动态演变之中。拨码制度是天津钱业赖以生存的基础,银号在便利账目清算的同时,借以扩张信用和提升资金筹集能力。庚子事变后天津爆发的“贴水风潮”实际是由拨码贬值引发,拨码制度经历短暂废止后得以恢复,但整体由盛转衰。志成银号倒闭拖欠拨码债务严重损害了拨码信用,伪拨码则进一步加深了拨码信用危机。拨码余额的清算经历了现银、外国银行“竖番纸”和银钱业合组公库公单的发展历程,反映出钱业、外商银行和华商银行在不同时期的势力消长。日军占领天津后实施金融统制政策,拨码制度被强力废止。拨码制度是近代中国信用票据和虚银两制度结合发展的产物,体现出金融票据演化的复杂性特征,也为考察传统金融机构信用体系构建提供了一个重要案例。Boma Institution is the unique transfer clearing and credit bills institution with strong local characteristics in Modern Tientsin,which was widely used in Tientsin native banks in the early years of Emperor Guangxu.It was established on the basis of Chuanhuan and Kaojia in Tientsin native banking,and operated in the synergic agent of payment which was constructed by large native banks and bankers'guild.Boma has a variety of functions such as transfer payment,debt selement,inter-bank lending,short-term borrowing and bill clearing,etc.Its functions and characteristics were in dynamic evolution,and distinguished in different periods.Tientsin native banking lived on Boma Institution which not only facilitated settlement of accounts,but expanded credit and enhanced the ability to raise money as well.The Discount Crisis that broke out in Tientsin after the Gengzi Incident was actually caused by boma devaluation.Boma Institution was restored after a short time abolishment,but began to decline.The bankruptcy of Zhicheng Bank led to the default of Boma debt,which seriously damaged the Boma credit,and the fake Boma further deepened the crisis.The settlement of Boma balance experienced three phases:currency,vertical cheque of foreign banks and Gongdan issued by Jointed Group of banking,reflecting the shifting power of native banks,foreign banks and Chinese banks in different periods.After the occupation of Japanese invaders,Boma Institution was forcefully abolished under the financial regulatory policy.Boma Institution was the combined product of credit bill and Virtual Tael Institution in modern China,which not only reflects the complexity of financial bills evolution,but also provides an important case for investigating the construction of credit system in traditional financial institutions.

关 键 词：拨码制度 转账结算 信用票据 虚银两制度 

分 类 号：K25[历史地理—历史学] F832.9[历史地理—中国史]