新中国初期代耕制度与农民负担研究——以河北省曲周县为例  

Research on Substitute Cultivation and Farmers'Burden in the Early Period of People's Republic of China--A Case Study inQuzhou County,Hebei Province

作　　者：吴明晏 WuMingyan

机构地区：[1]河北大学历史学院,保定071002

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2023年第2期153-166,共14页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：河北省2021年度研究生创新资助项目“海河流域水利纠纷与乡村社会研究(1949—1978)”(批准号:CXZZBS2021007)的阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：代耕制早在中央苏区时期就开始实行,到1949年前形成了多种形式,包括拨工制、包工制、包耕制、工票制等。1949年后,工票制因其在调配用工质量和用工时段方面的突出成效,迅速取代包耕制成为代耕的主要方式。工票制相比其他代耕方式虽更便利,但也更细密复杂,曲周县在尚未详细掌握土地与劳畜力数量的情况下仓促实施工票制,加重了农民负担。研究发现,曲周县农民负担偏高的主要原因是政策规定的用工折米数偏低、用工需求统计不实、未落实用工计算相关规定、享受代耕的人员范围扩大等。国家对于工票制本身的调整虽然使村内农民负担趋于合理,但无法解决区域农民负担不均的问题。齐工征粮作为一项独立的政策机制,能够在县域内调剂代耕粮,均衡全县农民负担,优化并维持工票制。As early as the Central Soviet Area,the system of alternative farming began to be implemented.Until 1949,it formed a variety of forms,including the law of allocating workers,the law of contracting workers,the law of contracting land for farming,and the work ticket system.After 1949,the work ticket management system quickly replaced fixed instead of farming as the main method of Substitute cultivation due to its outstanding effects in the deployment of farmers'work quality and farmers'working hours.Although the work ticket management system is more convenient than other alternative farming methods,it is also more detailed and complex.Quzhou County hastily implemented it without having a detailed grasp of the number of land and labor and livestock,which has increased the burden on farmers.The study found that the main reasons for the high burden of farmers in Quzhou County were that the quantity of labor exchanged for grain stipulated in the policy was too small,the statistics of labor quantity needed was not accurate,the relevant provisions on the calculation of labor quantity needed were not implemented,and the scope of people enjoying alternative farming was expanded.Although the state's adjustment of the work ticket management system has made the burden of farmers in the village more reasonable,it cannot solve the problem of uneven burdens on farmers in the region.As an independent policy mechanism,Fair Grain Collection Policy can balance the burden of farmers in the county by adjusting the amount of rice,and optimize and maintain the work ticket management system.

关 键 词：代耕 工票制 齐工征粮 农民负担 

分 类 号：F327[经济管理—产业经济]