文本主义者构想的声音:翁对德里达逻各斯中心主义的批评  

Voice Conceived by a Textualist:Walter J.Ong’s Critique of Jacques Derrida’s Logocentrism

作　　者：姚云帆 YAO Yunfan(Department of Chinese Language and Literature at East China Normal University)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学中国语言文学系

出　　处：《国际比较文学（中英文）》2022年第4期144-157,共14页International Comparative Literature

摘　　要：美国媒介思想家翁对德里达“逻各斯中心主义”的评论在诸多研究者中较为独特,也并未被国内研究者注意。翁认为,德里达虽然注意到声音作为一种媒介在信息传播中的作用,但他却用“文本主义者”的立场,以声音形式与视觉符号的一一对应来理解德里达思想中声音对信息的表征方式。在翁看来,这是一种文本主义者构想出的声音。在对法国逻辑学家拉米斯的研究中,翁发现了现代书写媒介发展导致的思想史变革:传统逻辑学将事物的表征看作事件在时间中的发生和消逝,而现代书写媒介才导致了词语以客体化的方式表征事物。翁认为,这一看法与德里达的论述有相似之处。但是,与德里达不同,翁试图发现一种“实在”的声音媒介。但是,他将“声音-事件”对应于口传媒介对事物的表征,而将“词语-客体”对应于书写媒介对事物的表征,仍然是一种僵化的二元对立。这种二元对立并不能摆脱他所批评的文本主义原则。翁从声音-口传媒介到书写-印刷媒介的演化史描述,并非一种真正的“实证”研究,对西方文明和清教-美国文化在媒介塑造过程中主导作用的描述,这一思想前提来自于他的导师佩里·米勒,并受到20世纪美苏文化冷战格局的影响。此种“政治无意识”使他不得不同时捍卫声音的特权和书写的霸权,从而让他的媒介史研究变得自相矛盾。As an American media theorist,Walter J.Ong’s comments on Jacques Derrida’s“Logocentrism”are too specialized to be noticed by Chinese academia.Although admitting Derrida’s attention to voice as a medium for the dissemination of information,Walter Ong still regarded the former’s standpoint as a“textualist”and called Derrida’s‘voice’a fiction of textualism.From the research of Renaissance French Logician Peter Ramus,Walter Ong uncovered the transformation of intellectual history caused by early modern Western media transformations:pre-modern Western logic scholars treated the representation of things as the occurrences and disappearances of events,whereas modern writing-print media led to objective modes of representation.Ong tried to discover a“positive”sound medium.However,his“sound-event”corresponds to the representation of things by oral media,while“word-object”corresponds to the representation of things by written and print media,which is still a rigid dichotomy.This binary opposition cannot prevent Ong from committing the same pitfalls of the textualist standpoint that he criticizes.Walter Ong’s descriptions of the evolutionary history from audio-oral media to writing-print media is not a real“pole”study,but a biased mapping onto the“intellectual advances”of the modern Western media revolution,which eventually led to the legitimatizing of the leading role of Western civilization and Puritan-American culture in the contemporary media-shaping process.This ideological premise comes from his mentor Perry Miller,and is influenced by the Cultural Cold War of America and the USSR in the 20th century.Influenced by this political situation,he had to defend both the privilege of sound and the hegemony of writing at the same time,which made his research on media history finally lead to a self-contradictory conclusion.

关 键 词：声音-口传媒介 书写-印刷媒介 文本主义 逻各斯中心主义 

分 类 号：I106[文学—世界文学]