稀有金属铍的性能研究进展  

Research Progress on Properties of Rare Metal Beryllium

作　　者：郑莉芳[1] 刘新宇 鲍帅平 张健康 钟景明 丁玉龙[3] Zheng Lifang;Liu Xinyu;Bao Shuaiping;Zhang Jiankang;Zhong Jingming;Ding Yulong(School of Mechanical Engineering,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China;State Key Laboratory of Special Rare Metal Materials,Northwest Rare Metal Materials Research Institute,Shizuishan 753000,China;School of Chemical Engineering,University of Birmingham,Birmingham B152TT,UK)

机构地区：[1]北京科技大学机械工程学院,北京100083 [2]西北稀有金属材料研究院稀有金属特种材料国家重点实验室,宁夏石嘴山753000 [3]英国伯明翰大学化工学院,伯明翰B152TT

出　　处：《稀有金属》2023年第2期292-302,共11页Chinese Journal of Rare Metals

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(11875003);北京科技大学顺德研究生院科技创新专项资金项目(BK19CE004);国家重点研发计划重点专项(2020YFF0304002)资助。

摘　　要：稀有金属铍因其优异性能,在高能物理、核能、航空航天、光学系统、惯性导航系统、商业领域等有着不可替代的重要作用。本文综述了铍的物理、化学、力学、核和腐蚀性能。铍是熔点最高的轻金属,具有密度低、弹性模量高、对红外线反射率高等优异的物理性能;Be^(2+)是已知电荷密度最高的金属阳离子,铍室温条件下能与氧反应并在其表面生成具有保护作用的氧化膜;铍室温下脆性较大,延伸率较低,拉伸瞬间断裂,无颈缩,断口表现为解理特征,拉伸和压缩性能具有明显不对称性,且微屈服强度高,尺寸稳定性好,铍内部结构、缺陷浓度和分布、试验速率、温度、辐照条件等因素对其力学性能有重要影响;铍原子质量小、中子俘获截面小而散射截面大,可降低中子速度和能量,快中子会对铍造成辐照损伤,并在其内部产生氦、氚、氢等气体;铍在干燥大气中有较好的抗腐蚀性能,但电位极低的铍在含有水汽的环境中极易成为阳极而产生点蚀,随着铍在高能物理中的进一步应用,其辐照后的腐蚀性能逐渐被关注。本文有助于科研人员对铍性能的优异性与局限性进行全面认识,以便制备综合性能更加优异的铍材,使其在更多重要领域发挥重要作用。The rare metal beryllium played an irreplaceable role in various fields due to its excellent properties, including high-energy physics, nuclear energy, aerospace, optical systems, inertial navigation systems and commerce. The excellent performance of beryllium made it the most ideal structural material for inertial navigation systems, the best material for making beam tubes/windows in high-energy physics particle accelerators, the moderator and reflector materials in nuclear reactors, the structural materials for aerospace vehicles, and the infrared reflective material in optical system. This article reviewed the physical, chemical, mechanical, nuclear, and corrosion properties of beryllium. Beryllium was a light metal with the highest melting point and a relative atomic mass of only 9. It had excellent physical properties such as low density, high elastic modulus, and high infrared reflectivity. It had good thermal conductivity and was the light metal with the highest specific heat capacity. The heat absorption capacity was equivalent to twice that of aluminum, and it increased significantly with the rise of temperature. The crystal structure of beryllium was a close-packed hexagonal structure with anisotropy. Beryllium was an alkaline earth metal with high chemical activity, being extremely sensitive to temperature and environmental media. The electronegativity of beryllium was relatively high, and the covalent radius was small. Be^(2+) ion was the metal cation with the highest known charge density. It could react with oxygen at room temperature and form a protective oxide film on its surface. High temperature had a relatively great impact on the oxidation of beryllium. It would cause the thermal expansion and stress cracking of the oxide film, increasing its oxidation degree. The mechanical properties of beryllium included brittleness at room temperature, low elongation, instantaneous fracture in tension, and no necking. Besides, the fracture was characterized by cleavage.The tensile and compressive properties

关 键 词：铍 稀有金属 力学性能 物理性能 核性能 

分 类 号：TG146.24[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程]