规章的“法源”地位:制度变迁、理论推演与现实关照  

The Status of Regulations in the“Sources of Law”:Institutional Change,Theoretical Deduction and Realistic Consideration

作　　者：门中敬 李瑾 MEN Zhong-jing;LI Jin(Shandong University School of Law(Weihai),Weihai 264209)

机构地区：[1]山东大学法学院(威海),山东威海264209 [2]山东大学国家治理研究院,山东青岛266237

出　　处：《行政法学研究》2023年第2期119-132,共14页ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEW

基　　金：2020年度国家社科基金重大项目“构建科学有效的行政权制约监督体系研究”(项目编号:20ZDA106)。

摘　　要：作为法学理论的元问题,“法源”理论主要存在制定法主义、司法主义两种理论立场,其在公法理论研究中的一个重要体现,是规章的“法源”地位问题。从制度变迁的历史维度来看,规章的“法源”地位根据社会现实的需要在“放(权)限(权)”之间进行不断地调整。从理论推演的逻辑维度来看,不同的理论立场具有不同的理论推演过程。在制定法主义立场下,规章的“法源”地位由其法律形式决定。在司法主义立场下,规章的“法源”地位由其法属性决定。从司法实践的实证维度来看,为维护公法体系的逻辑一致性,应当从实质意义上来理解“合法有效”的判断标准,并区分执行性的规章与创制性的规章。对于执行性的规章,人民法院应进行形式意义的合法性审查。对于创制性的地方政府规章,人民法院应进行决断意义上的合法性审查。基于此,建议修改《立法法》,明确赋予地方政府规章一定的创制性立法权限,对于实验性、临时性、技术性等事项,以及不直接涉及公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益的政府行政管理性质的规范,允许地方政府进行创制性立法。相应地,建议修改《行政诉讼法》,赋予人民法院决断意义的司法审查权限,允许人民法院对创制性的地方政府规章作出否定性的裁判或处理建议。As a meta-issue of jurisprudential theory,the theory of“the sources of law”consists of two theoretical positions:the position of statutory law and judicial position.The status of regulations in the“sources of law”is an important issue in the theoretical study of public law.The history of institutional transformation witnessed the adjustment of the status of regulations in the sources of law between“delegation of power”and“concentration of power”,and that adjustment was made to meet the requirements of social realities.From a logical point of view,there are different theoretical processes of deduction for different theoretical positions.From the perspective of statutory law,the status of regulations in the sources of law of is determined by the legal form.From the judicial perspective,the status of regulations in the source of law is determined by the legal attributes.From an empirical perspective,in order to maintain the logical consistency of the public law system,the criterion of“legal validity”should be fully understood and a distinction should be made between implementing regulations and formulating regulations.The people's courts at all levels should review the legality of regulations for implementation in a formal sense.For the formulation of local government regulations,the court should review the legality in a decisive sense.Above all,it is suggested that when amending the legislation law,local governments should be given certain legislative authority for the formulation of regulations.In addition,local governments should be allowed to independently formulate laws in terms of experimental matters,temporary matters,technical matters,etc.The local governments should also have the rights to formulate administrative regulations which has no direct links with the legitimate rights and interests of citizens,legal persons and other organizations.Correspondently,it is suggested to amend the Administrative Litigation Law,so as to endow the people's courts at all levels with decisive authorities

关 键 词：规章 法源 制定法主义立场 司法主义立场 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D925.3[政治法律—法学]