经验与直观:歌德的植物学研究方法及其形而上学旨趣  

Experience and Intuition: Goethe’s Botanical Research Method and Its Metaphysical Purport

作　　者：李猛[1] LI Meng(School of Philosophy,Beijing Normal University,Beijing,100875)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学哲学学院,北京100875

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2023年第4期52-59,共8页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金“歌德自然哲学研究及当代价值”(项目编号:2021NTSS43)。

摘　　要：歌德非常珍视自己作为自然研究者的身份,并在自然科学的诸多领域留下了研究成果。研究者们如果受限于他的诗人身份,抑或辉格式地去评价他的自然成就,就无法恰当理解歌德自然科学的合理性及重要价值。歌德作为后来浪漫派的理论先驱,对林奈植物学的日益技术化及其导向的机械论、还原论自然观提出了批评。为此,歌德提出替代性的精致经验主义,用观察经验现象、构造科学现象、直观纯粹现象的三步骤研究自然。歌德的精致经验主义研究方法映射出歌德式科学与牛顿式科学的深层甚至是根本性区别,即对物的规定和对自然的筹划之方式的差异。歌德的自然研究尤其是物理学等数理实验科学,多被同时代的科学家批评为“过时”“神秘”而遭拒绝;但就背后的形而上学和自然观来看,歌德的机体自然观更是“超前”而被后世所接受。Goethe cherishes his status as a natural researcher and has left achievements in many fields of natural science. Researchers cannot properly understand the rationality and important value of Goethe’s natural science if they are limited by his status as a poet, or evaluate his achievements in a whiggish way. As a theoretical pioneer of the later romantic school, Goethe criticized the increasing technicalization of Linnaeus’ botany and the mechanistic and reductionist view of nature it leads to. Therefore, Goethe put forward the delicate empiricism,which studies nature in three steps: observing empirical phenomenon, constructing scientific phenomenon and intuiting pure phenomenon. Goethe’s delicate empirical method reflects the deep and even fundamental difference between Goethean science and Newtonian science. That is the difference of the determination of the thing and the projection of nature. Goethe’ s natural research, especially physics and other mathematical experimental sciences,were mostly criticized and rejected as “outdated” and “mysterious” by scientists at that time. However, from the perspective of metaphysics and view of nature behind it, Goethe is “advanced” and accepted by later generations.

关 键 词：歌德 经验 直观 植物学 

分 类 号：Q94[生物学—植物学]