近代早期的国际法理论与欧洲殖民帝国对殖民地的“财产化”  

The Theory of International Law and the‘Propertilisation’of Colonies by the European Colonial Powers in Early Modern Period

作　　者：万立 Wan Li

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学法律学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2023年第1期25-39,160,共16页World History

摘　　要：地理大发现后,“发现论”“无主地论”“无主领土论”和“优先权论”等成为西班牙、葡萄牙和英国等国占取殖民地的国际法理论工具。“发现论”完全否定土著的事实占有,以攫取殖民地的土地等自然资源;“无主地论”也无视土著的事实占有,以攫取尚未被“有效占有”的土地;当欧洲殖民帝国面临殖民地日益复杂的情况而无法忽视土著的事实占有后,由“无主地论”衍生出来的“无主领土论”开始承认土著的事实占有,却否定土著法律上的占有,以剥夺土著的财产权;“优先权论”部分承认土著事实上和法律上对土地的占有,但欧洲殖民帝国将自身作为土著土地的唯一受让人。虽然这四种理论开始完全否定,后来部分承认土著对土地事实上或法律上的财产权,但都是将殖民地“财产化”,其目的都在于为所谓的“文明国家”的欧洲殖民帝国提供占领殖民地的“正当依据”,其内核都是种族主义和文明等级论。The doctrines,including doctrine of discovery,of terra nullius,of territorium nullius,and of preemption,became the theoretical weapons for Spain,Britain and other European colonial powers to occupy colonies after the Age of Discovery.The doctrine of discovery vehemently refuted indigenous people's real possession to appropriate their territories.In order to take over lands that have not been'effectively occupied',the doctrine of terra nullius disregarded indigenous people's real possession as well.In contrast,when the circumstances of the colonies became more complicated and the European colonial powers could no longer disregard the real possession of indigenous people,the doctrine of territorium nullius deriving from terra nullius acknowledged indigenous people's real possession while denied their legal ownership.The European colonial powers coercively became the only transferee by the doctrine of pre-emption,despite partially acknowledging the actual and legal possession of indigenous people.These four theories,which ranged fromoutright rejectiontolimited acknowledgement towards indigenous people's real or legal property rights,all converted the colony into property,and their purpose was to provide the European powers with legitimate grounds to appropriate the colony.The core of all these doctrines is notorious racism and theory of civilisation hierarchy.

关 键 词：欧洲殖民帝国 国际法 发现论 无主地论 优先权论 财产化 

分 类 号：K14[历史地理—历史学] D066[历史地理—世界史] D99[政治法律—政治学]