脑机接口——脑信息读取与脑活动调控技术  

Brain-computer interface—Brain information reading and activity control

作　　者：许未晴[3] 陈磊 隋秀峰 田沄[5] 刘志勇[2] Weiqing Xu;Lei Chen;Xiufeng Sui;Yun Tian;Zhiyong Liu(Center for Strategical Consultants,Chinese Academy of Engineering,Beijing 100088,China;Institute of Computing Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China;School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China;School of Management and Economics,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China;School of Artificial Intelligence,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]中国工程院战略咨询中心,北京100088 [2]中国科学院计算技术研究所,北京100190 [3]北京航空航天大学自动化科学与电气工程学院,北京100191 [4]北京理工大学管理与经济学院,北京100081 [5]北京师范大学人工智能学院,北京100875

出　　处：《科学通报》2023年第8期927-943,共17页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：中国工程院重大咨询项目(2019-ZD-1)资助。

摘　　要：脑机接口(brain-computer interface,BCI)技术通过建立大脑与外部设备之间直接的信息交流和信号控制通道,实现脑思维活动与外界通信和交互作用,从而进行脑信息读取、外部执行设备的控制,以及脑活动的调整和控制.脑机接口是一种多学科融合的交叉技术,涉及神经科学、计算机科学、通信与信息处理技术、人工智能技术等,展现了广阔的发展和应用前景,包括医疗与康复、科学与教育、自动驾驶、工业控制等.同时,脑机接口技术的发展和应用面临重要的技术以及法律和伦理方面的挑战.本文简要介绍脑机接口技术的基本原理和组成,从信号获取、神经解码和认知脑机接口等关键技术角度阐述了国内外研究现状:从技术角度,讨论了脑机接口技术面临生物兼容性、通信速率、信号获取和处理、神经解码、安全等方面的挑战;从伦理和法制角度,指出该技术面临隐私、自由意志、身份认同和社会公平等方面的挑战.最后,展望了脑机接口技术未来的研究方向和应用前景.Brain-computer interface(BCI)is a relatively newly developed technology,which builds up a channel for the communication and interaction between the brain and the outside world.It can be used to gain access to the neural activity information in the brain,decode the intention of the user,and understand higher levels of semantics of the user,as well as used as a means for the regulation and control of brain activities.BCI technology,although experienced only a short period of developments,has already been used in neuroscience for understanding the working principles of the neural systems,in the fields of therapeutic,rehabilitation,and augmentation of neural and physiological functions,as well as exhibited a strong potential for applications in a wide range of fields,such as learning and education,game and entertainment,and automatic control of industrial process and various devices.Since using the technology can not only detect information about the neural activity inside the brain,but also exert stimulation to the nervous system so that the neural activity can be regulated and controlled by designed algorithms,ethical and legal considerations are generated for the research and applications of BCIs.In this paper,the basic principle and structure of BCIs are briefly introduced,and the evolution and present status of the technology are reviewed.Particularly,we present an overview of the development of the technology by introducing some events and techniques in the field,and review the classification of BCIs with respect to the techniques developed for brain signal acquisition,namely,invasive,non-invasive,and semi-invasive BCIs.In information technology,brain signal decoding techniques are critical to BCIs.We review some technical developments particularly for the neural signal decoding algorithms.In terms of the neural activities they deal with,BCIs can also be classified into motor-sensory BCIs and cognitive BCIs.The latter deals with brain activities related to higher order functions,such as memory,language,attentio

关 键 词：脑机接口 神经信号读取 神经解码 安全性 法律问题 伦理问题 

分 类 号：TN911.7[电子电信—通信与信息系统] R318[电子电信—信息与通信工程]