不同调酸措施对西南山地酸化土壤改良及玉米产量的影响  

Effects of different acid regulating measures on acidification soil improvement and maize yield in southwest mountainous areas

作　　者：刘禹池[1,6,7] 岳丽杰 卢庭启[2] 王竹 王静 吕巨智[5] 陈玉锋 柯国华 张会玲 杨勤[1,6] 刘永红 LIU Yu-chi;YUE Li-jie;LU Ting-qi;WANG Zhu;WANG Jing;LÜJu-zhi;CHEN Yu-feng;KE Guo-hua;ZHANG Hui-ling;YANG Qin;LIU Yong-hong(Crop Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Chengdu Sichuan 610066;Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Mianyang Sichuan 621023;Dry Grain Research Institute,Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Guiyang Guizhou 550006;Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Enshi Hubei 445000;Maize Research Institute,Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanning Guangxi 530007;Provincial Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture in Hill Area of Southern China,Chengdu Sichuan 610066;Environment Friendly Crop Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu Sichuan 610066)

机构地区：[1]四川省农业科学院作物研究所,四川成都610066 [2]绵阳市农业科学研究院,四川绵阳621023 [3]贵州省农业科学院旱粮研究所,贵州贵阳550006 [4]恩施土家族苗族自治州农业科学院,湖北恩施445000 [5]广西壮族自治区农业科学院玉米研究所,广西南宁530007 [6]南方丘区节水农业研究四川省重点实验室,四川成都610066 [7]粮油作物绿色种质创新与遗传改良四川省重点实验室,四川成都610066

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2023年第1期191-198,共8页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：现代农业产业技术体系专项资金(CARS-02);山地旱作玉米生产技术研发与示范(2022ZSSF);山地旱作农业(玉米、薯类)技术研发与示范转化项目。

摘　　要：针对西南山地土壤不断酸化的问题,通过在贵阳、南宁、绵阳和恩施4个试验站开展长期联合定位试验,对比不同调酸措施对土壤改良及玉米增产的综合效应,揭示措施与玉米产量的互作关系,为建立西南山地玉米高产稳产技术体系提供支撑。试验设置农民习惯(A1、CK)、土壤调理剂(A2)、施石灰(A3)、施有机肥(A4)、前作种植绿肥(A5)5个处理。结果表明:(1)4项调酸措施均能显著改善土壤酸化状况,其中A2、A3处理效果最优,pH均比CK提高0.9个单位,A4和A5处理分别提高0.7和0.5个单位;CK处理2019和2020年土壤pH分别比基础土样(2016年)降低了6.7%、7.6%,但A2、A3、A4、A5处理下,2019和2020年土壤pH分别比基础土样(2016年)提高了8.0%、6.7%、2.5%、0.0%和8.1%、7.1%、4.8%、0.3%;而A4处理比CK土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别提高7.4 g/kg、30.2 mg/kg、11.6 mg/kg、53.9 mg/kg,增量显著高于其他处理。(2)从2016~2020年平均产量来看,4项调酸措施中A4处理增产效果最佳,增产率达11.7%。(3)A4处理对玉米株高、穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、千粒重改善最显著。(4)4项调酸措施均提高了各生育期干物质积累量且积累比例在六叶期、吐丝期均高于CK,以A4处理积累量最大。(5)A4、A5处理各生育期的叶面积指数(LAI)与叶绿素含量均高于CK,A3、A4处理的粒叶比高于A2、A5处理。综上,4项调酸措施均能抑制土壤继续酸化的趋势,而施用石灰、调理剂和有机肥还能提高土壤pH,其中前两项措施效果最显著。与其他措施相比,施有机肥除了能改良酸化及培肥土壤以外,还能改善玉米农艺性状、优化库源结构、促进干物质积累,进而实现增产稳产。因此,从调酸、土壤培肥、增产稳产3个角度综合评价,施有机肥是西南山地玉米种植区酸化农田最理想的调酸措施。Aiming at the problem of continuous acidification of soil in mountainous areas of Southwest China,long-term joint positioning tests were carried out at four test stations in Guiyang,Nanning,Mianyang and Enshi to compare the comprehensive effects of different acid regulation measures on soil improvement and maize yield increase,and further revealed the interaction between measures and maize yield,so as to provide support for the establishment of high and stable yield technical system of maize in mountainous areas of southwest China.The experiment set up five treatments:farmers’habits(A1,CK),soil conditioner application(A2),lime application(A3),organic fertilizer application(A4)and planting green manure before maize planting(A5).The results showed that:(1)The four acid regulation measures significantly improved the soil acidification,among which A2 and A3 treatments had the best effect,with the pH increased by 0.9 units compared with the control,and for A4 and A5 treatments the pH increased by 0.7 and 0.5,respectively;The soil pH of A1 treatment in 2019 and 2020 decreased by 6.7%and 7.6%,respectively compared with that of the foundation soil sample(2016).But under A2,A3,A4,A5 treatments,the soil pH in 2019 and 2020 increased by 8.0%,6.7%,2.5%,0.0%and 8.1%,7.1%,4.8%,0.3%,respectively,compared with that of the foundation soil sample(2016);However,compared with A1 treatment,the contents of soil organic matter,alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium in A4 treatment increased by 7.4 g/kg,30.2 mg/kg,11.6 mg/kg and 53.9 mg/kg,respectively,which was significantly higher than those in other treatments.(2)From the average yield in 2016~2020,the A4 treatment had the best yield increasing effect among the four measures,with the yield increasing rate of 11.7%.(3)The A4 treatment increased plant height,ear length,ear diameter,grain number per ear and 1000 grain weight most significantly.(4)The four acid regulation measures increased the dry matter accumulation in each growth stage,and the prop

关 键 词：调酸措施 土壤改良 玉米 产量 库源结构 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S156.6