果园土壤氮损失监测方法研究进展  

Progress on monitoring methods in nitrogen losses from orchard soils

作　　者：王梦樊 吉艳芝[1,2] 刘娉妤 郭艳杰 张丽娟[1,2,4] WANG Meng-fan;JI Yan-zhi;LIU Ping-yu;GUO Yan-jie;ZHANG Li-juan(College of Resources&Environmental Sciences,Hebei Agricultural University,Baoding,Hebei 071001,China;Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-Environment of Hebei Province,Baoding,Hebei 071001,China;State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation,Baoding,Hebei 071001,China;Hebei Urban Forest Health Technology Innovation Center,Baoding,Hebei 071001,China)

机构地区：[1]河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院,河北保定071001 [2]河北省农田生态环境重点实验室,河北保定071001 [3]华北作物改良与调控国家重点实验室,河北保定071001 [4]河北省城市森林健康技术创新中心,河北保定071001

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2023年第3期553-572,共20页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0200106)。

摘　　要：果园生产中氮素投入过量,氮损失严重,利用率低,严重制约了水果产业的可持续发展。国内外果园氮素损失监测研究相对较少,尚未形成统一的监测标准,降低了监测结果的可比性和可靠性,极大地限制了我们对果园体系氮素损失及其环境效应的认识。为此,本文综述了当前果树种植土壤氮素N_(2)O排放、NH3挥发、淋溶和径流等损失途径的常用监测方法的研究进展,总结提出了如下建议:1)密闭静态箱法监测土壤N_(2)O排放虽然有其不足,但对于果园来说比较适用、可操作性强,且花费低。2)果园施氮量较大时,建议选择间歇式通气法监测土壤NH3挥发;施氮量较小时,选择磷酸–甘油双海绵通气法的监测效果更好,海绵厚度以2 cm左右为宜。3)果园土壤N_(2)O排放和NH3挥发监测中,采样点设置均要考虑施肥区和非施肥区,同时要明确最具代表性的取样时间(段)、采样频率(总密闭时间和采样间隔)以及采样周期等关键参数;除施肥、灌水外,如遇土壤环境条件改变等特殊情况,考虑加测。4)果园氮素淋溶损失监测根据果树类型、田间环境和具体试验条件等酌情选定土壤溶液提取法、田间渗滤盘法及模型分析法等;径流损失监测推荐采用构建径流小区法。今后的果园土壤氮损失研究中,应在监测方法标准制订、监测设备或系统研发以及氮损失估算模型构建等方面加强。Excessive nitrogen input,serious nitrogen losses,and low utilization rate are very common in orchard production system,which impede the sustainability of the fruit industry.Studies on monitoring nitrogen losses in orchards are relatively rare nationally and beyond,compared to those on grain and vegetable production,and there are no generally accepted monitoring methods.The situation makes it difficult to draw comparable and scientific conclusions,and greatly limits the understanding of nitrogen losses in orchards and the consequent environmental effects.Therefore,we summarized the monitoring methods of soil N_(2)O emission,NH3 volatilization,nitrogen runoff,and leaching losses in orchard systems in China and internationally,and proposed the following suggestions:1)the closed static chamber method for monitoring N_(2)O emission from soil has its shortcomings,but it is more applicable,operable,and is of low cost for orchards.2)Intermittent aeration method is suggested to monitor the soil NH3 volatilization at high nitrogen application rate in orchards;and the phosphoric acid glycerin double sponge ventilation method is better at low nitrogen application rate,and the thickness of sponge at about 2 cm is better.3)In the monitoring of N_(2)O emission and NH3 volatilization in orchard soil,the setting of sampling points should consider the fertilization area and non-fertilization area,and the most representative sampling time(segment),sampling frequency(total airtight time and sampling interval),sampling period and other key parameters should be defined.In addition to fertilization and irrigation,additional measurement should be considered in case of changes in soil environmental conditions and other special circumstances.4)For the nitrogen leaching loss monitoring in orchards,the soil solution extraction method,field percolation disk method and model analysis method could be selected according to the type of fruit tree,field environment and specific test conditions.Moreover,runoff loss monitoring is recommended to use

关 键 词：果园 氮损失 监测方法 

分 类 号：S66[农业科学—果树学] S153[农业科学—园艺学]