我国让与担保制度的解释论——以《民法典担保制度解释》第68条为分析对象  

Analysis of Security by Transfer in China--Based on Article 68 of Judicial Interpretation of the Civil Code on Security System

作　　者：张尧 Zhang Yao

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学法学院

出　　处：《中国不动产法研究》2022年第2期169-187,共19页Research on Real Estate Law of China

基　　金：2021年度教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“民法典民族性表达与制度供给研究”(21JZD033)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在我国让与担保的实践中,不动产让与担保及股权让与担保等形式是主流,其利用要因并不是弥补动产抵押制度的缺失。《民法典担保制度解释》第68条并未将让与担保的标的物限定为不动产或股权,这本质上是为了缓解中小微企业融资难的局面,信用授受双方可基于自身的融资需求而选择设立担保物权抑或让与担保。让与担保在学理上并无买卖式或让与式的区分,交易架构多表现为“附买回的买卖+租赁”抑或“附买回的买卖+借用”的形式,只要是为了担保债权的实现而将标的物的所有权等权利移转给债权人,都属于让与担保,皆应循担保权的构成对其效力进行解释。在《民法典担保制度解释》第45条允许事先约定自行变卖或拍卖的背景下,让与担保的权利移转形式或可被解释为当事人对自行变价的事先约定,允许债权人自行进行归属清算或处分清算。In the practice of security by transfer in China,security by transfer of ownership in the immovable property and security by transfer of shareholder rights are the mainstream,and the main reason why security by transfer was created is not to make up for the lack of the mortgage on movable property.According to Article 68 of Judicial Interpretation of the Civil Code on Security System,the subject matter of security by transfer should not be limited to immovable property and shareholder rights,which is essentially to alleviate the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises.The credit granting and receiving parties can choose to create a security interest or a security by transfer based on their own financing need.There is no distinction between security by transfer and security by sale in theory.Most of the transaction structures are in the form of“sale with buyback+lease”or“sale with buyback+borrowing”.If the ownership of the subject matter is transferred to the creditor for the purpose of ensuring the enforcement of an underlying claim,it should be defined as security by transfer and its effectiveness should be interpreted in accordance with the security right.Since the agreement on self-sale or self-auction should be allowed according to Article 45 of Judicial Interpretation of the Civil Code on Security System,the form of security by transfer may be interpreted as the agreement on enforcement,and the creditor may,upon the agreement,have the priority right to appraise and accept the collateral,or apply the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the collateral to satisfy his claim against the debtor.

关 键 词：让与担保 卖渡担保 利用要因 担保权 清算 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]