以集体行动促牧区草地资源走出治理困境  

Overcoming the dilemma of grassland resource governance through collective action

作　　者：谭淑豪[1] 杜辉 戴微著 王硕 TAN Shuhao;DU Hui;DAI Weizhu;WANG Shuo(School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China;Chengdu Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Sichuan Province,Chengdu Sichuan 610042,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院,北京100872 [2]四川省成都市农业农村局,四川成都610042

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2023年第2期176-187,共12页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目“草地绿色治理的产权和集体行动研究——以内蒙古和青海牧区为例”(批准号:42171251)。

摘　　要：草地是牧区最基本的资源。草地资源的有效治理是牧区乡村振兴的基础。尽管中国牧区自2003年以来以“自上而下”的方式开展了大规模草地生态治理,但依然面临“公地悲剧”和“围栏陷阱”双重困境。草地资源具有生产率低、异质性强、改进或强化的可能性小、有效使用要以较大面积为前提等特点,适合集体共用。探讨如何在没有任何外部干预的情况下,以牧户共用草地的集体行动促使牧区走出草地资源治理的困境,对振兴牧区乡村和保障中国北方的生态屏障意义重大。文章基于2011年以来的追踪调查,采用质性研究方法,对位于内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟一个典型牧区的阿德日嘎浩特进行研究,认为草地共用的集体行动利于社区摆脱资源治理困境。在牧户牧业收入不减少的情况下,社区能够保持牲畜不超载,且节省下来的劳动力有利于牧户增加非牧收入。但成功发起草地治理集体行动,要求牧户具有较为一致的草地利用观念、互补的草地资源类型和相当的资源数量、较高的社会资本、规模适度的行动群体和明确的成员身份。而要使已发起的集体行动长期存续,关键在于清晰界定草地资源使用者的身份,制定长期且稳定的协商制度,明确成本分摊规则,完善监督惩罚机制。此外,强有力的领导也有必要。阿德日嘎浩特草地治理的案例表明,小型社区可自主发起并维持集体行动,走出草地资源治理的困境。这一案例对于林地和灌溉水等其他公共池塘资源的有效治理具有借鉴意义。Grassland is a critical resource in pastoral areas,and the good governance of grassland is the foundation of rural revitalization in pastoral areas.Although large-scale grassland ecological governance has been practiced in China’s pastoral areas in a‘topdown’manner since 2003,they still face a dilemma of‘tragedy of the commons’and‘fence trap.’Grassland resources are characterized by low productivity,strong variability,low possibility of improvement or enhancement,and effective use on the premise of a large area,and they are suitable for sharing.It is of great significance to explore how to overcome the governance dilemma through the collective action of herders’sharing of grasslands so as to promote pastoral areas without any external intervention,and it is also of great significance to revitalize pastoral villages and ensure the ecological barrier in northern China.Based on the surveys since 2011,this paper applied qualitative methods to the study of Adriga Hot,a typical pastoral area in the Xilin Gol League,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.The study found that collective action of grassland sharing was conducive to the community in avoiding the grassland governance dilemma.Collective action not only kept herders’animal husbandry income from decreasing and kept the livestock from overloading,but the saved labor force also helped herders increase their non-pastoral income.However,the successful launching of collective action for grassland governance requires herders to have a relatively consistent concept of grassland utilization,complementary types of grassland resources,and a considerable number of resources,high social capital,appropriately sized action groups,and clear membership.The key to the long-term survival of the initiated collective action is to clearly define the identity of grassland resource users,formulate a long-term and stable negotiation system,clarify the cost-sharing rules,and improve the supervision and punishment mechanism.In addition,strong leadership is also necessary.Th

关 键 词：集体行动 草地资源 草地治理 社会资本 

分 类 号：F301.2[经济管理—产业经济]