“生态银行”制度的形成、定位与展开  

Formation,orientation,and development of the‘eco‑bank’system

作　　者：杜健勋[1] 卿悦 DU Jianxun;QING Yue(School of Economic Law,Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120,China)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学经济法学院,重庆401120

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2023年第2期188-200,共13页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“宪法规范下环境法律体系化研究”(批准号:21XFX002)。

摘　　要：“生态银行”以特有的“分散-集中”理念、三方主体和“资源-资产-资本”三级交易流程为实现生态资源价值转化迈出创新之步,在符合保护优先原则的基础上,未超出立法边界,具备规范化的制度支撑。目前中国“生态银行”的发展总体上停留于地区之间的交流,多元化的试点运作模式致使称谓略显杂乱,依托于政策支持的试点推广方式导致其在制度与实施层面的规范性欠缺。尤其是模糊的法律定位为“生态银行”的规范化带来前提性障碍,在其影响下法律表达不清、法律依据不足、保障措施不力的三方面困境阻碍了这项有益经验的制度建构。“生态银行”不仅承载着利益衡平的使命,是在环境公平和环境效率有机结合下实现可持续发展的适宜制度,还符合环境立法体系化、精细化的阶段性要求,是以适应性立法实现环境法规范性与功能性动态平衡的理性选择。故应在正确认识“生态银行”法律属性的前提下,将“生态银行”优先纳入市场化生态保护补偿制度,在有条件的地方归入生态产品价值实现制度予以特色规定,作为一项制度化生态环境保护机制与政策性绿色金融机构予以区分。在此基础上,“生态银行”的制度建构应采用“整体思路+路径展开”的方式,遵循“生态补偿-生态产品价值实现-生态银行”的体系定位和政府主导的责任原则,针对制度建构的现实困境,从规范表达、法制体系构建、保障措施完善等三方面优化“生态银行”制度,实现与现有制度的适应性衔接,最终形成环境法制与环境政策协调合力的制度规范体系。The‘eco-bank’system has three characters:the‘decentralization-centralization’idea,the tripartite subject,and the‘resource-asset-capital’three-tier transaction process.This system has made a significantly innovative step towards the ultimate goal of realizing the transformation of ecological resource value.Based on the principle of priority of protection,the‘eco-bank’system does not exceed the legislative boundary and has the support of the standardized system.Currently,the development of‘eco-banks’in China is generally confined to regional exchanges,and the diverse operational modes of the pilot program have led to confusion when using the‘eco-bank’term.Furthermore,the‘eco-banks’lack standardization in terms of system and implementation since they rely on policysupported promotional methods in pilot projects.In particular,the ambiguous legal status brings prerequisite obstacles to the standardization of‘eco-banks,’under whose influence the tripartite dilemma of unclear legal expression,insufficient legal basis,and weak safeguards hinders the institutional construction of this useful experience.The‘eco-bank’system not only carries the mission of balancing interests,meant to achieve sustainable development under the organic integration of environmental equity and environmental efficiency,but also meets the periodical requirement of systematic and elaborate environmental legislation,which is a rational choice to strive for a dynamic balance between normalization and functionality of environmental laws through adaptive legislation.Therefore,on the premise that we correctly understand the legal attributes of‘eco-banks,’we should incorporate them into the market-based ecological protection compensation system as a priority and in places where they are available.The‘eco-bank’system should also be included in the realization of the value of ecological products and distinguished from policy-based green financial institutions as an institutionalized ecological environmental prote

关 键 词：生态银行 生态保护补偿 生态产品价值实现 自然资源产权 

分 类 号：D912.6[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]