数据确权的误区  

Misconceptions about the Confirmation of Data Rights

作　　者：周汉华[1] ZHOU Hanhua

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《法学研究》2023年第2期3-20,共18页Chinese Journal of Law

摘　　要：数据不同于其他生产要素,无论是否确权,都只适宜以责任规则保护。我国法律对个人数据与企业数据的保护水平已经比责任规则要高,数据确权因此没有实际意义。数据确权只能采取权利束解决方式,这必然导致反公地悲剧的结果,阻碍数据的利用与共享。推动数据利用与共享,本质是实现网络效应。在此方面,我们面临诸多现实挑战,需要制定“公共数据开放条例”促进公共数据开放,并通过不同部门法的体系性回应,构筑非公共数据利用与共享的制度基础。“数据二十条”肯定我国法治实践对数据权益保护的经验,创新数据产权观念,淡化所有权、强调使用权,聚焦数据使用权流通,其采用的“数据产权”概念,完全不同于传统的财产权或产权概念,需要在实践中科学理解并逐步完善相关制度。Different from other factors of production,data is suitable for protection by liability rules,regardless of whether data rights are confirmed or not.Since the level of protection afforded to personal data and enterprise data by law is already higher than that of liability rules in China,confirmation of data rights has no practical significance.Confirmation of data rights could only be pursued on the basis of a bundle of different rights,which would inevitably lead to the tragedy of the anticommons and impede the access to and sharing of data.China is faced with various practical challenges in promoting the access to and sharing of data,which is in essence the pursuit of network effects.Therefore,it is imperative for China to promulgate the Regulations on the Open Access to and Sharing of Public Data,so as to push forward the openness and sharing of public data while laying institutional foundations for the access to and sharing of non-public data through systematic responses by different branches of law.The"Twenty Articles on Data"reaffirms the experiences of legal interest protection for data in legislative and judicial practices,and innovates the concept of data property by weakening the idea of ownership while strengthening the idea of usage,thereby accelerating the flow of data.The new concept of data property is totally different from the traditional concept of the property right or ownership right,and it is necessary to have a scientific understanding of this concept and gradually improve relevant institutions in practice.

关 键 词：数据确权 财产规则 责任规则 反公地悲剧 网络效应 

分 类 号：D922.16[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]