数据公平利用的法理反思与制度重构  

Jurisprudential Reflections on and Institutional Reconstruction of Fair Use of Data

作　　者：丁晓东[1] DING Xiaodong

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院

出　　处：《法学研究》2023年第2期21-36,共16页Chinese Journal of Law

基　　金：最高人民法院2022年度司法研究重大课题“算法技术的法律规制研究”(ZGFYZDKT202211-01)的研究成果。

摘　　要：在当前的数据交易与利用实践中,数据作为关键性生产要素,主要为少数企业所控制,作为用户的个人与中小商家则难以利用数据。为实现数据的公平利用,欧盟试图赋予用户以数据访问与利用权,美国注重个人信息数据的市场交易,我国则强调对企业数据进行确权。然而,数据具有聚合性、关联性、场景依附性、非竞争性与非排他性等特征,确权无助于解决数据利用过程中的争议,将数据视为权益混同的聚合型财产,通过行为规制与数据治理实现数据公平利用,是更为合理可行的路径。对于商业主体数据的利用,应强调市场自治与竞争秩序公平。对于个人数据的利用,应从“个人—企业”“个人集合—企业”两个关系维度构建和完善数据治理规则。对于公开数据的利用,应克减平台企业的数据控制权,赋予平台内商家以有限的数据访问与利用权,保障平台内个人用户的个人信息携带权,以有效平衡各方主体间的利益关系。In the current practice of data trading and usage,data,as a key element of production,is mainly controlled by a small number of enterprises and it is difficult for individuals and small and medium-sized businesses to use it.In order to realize the fair use of data,the European Union grants users the right to access and use data,the United States attaches importance to the market transaction of personal information data,while China emphasizes the comfirmation of rights to enterprise data.Data,however,has the characteristics of being aggregational,relational,scenario-dependent,non-competitive and non-exclusive,and comfirmation of data rights of different subjects does not help to resolve disputes in the process of data usage.It is more reasonable and feasible to treat data as an aggregated property with mixed rights and interests and achieve fair use of data through behavior regulation and data governance.For the use of commercial entities'data,market autonomy and fair competition order should be emphasized.For the use of personal data,data governance rules should be constructed and improved in the two dimensions of"the individual vs.the enterprise"and"the collective vs.the enterprise".For the use of public data,it is necessary to derogate the platform's control right on data,grant commercial users limited data access and usage rights,and guarantee the individual's right to data portability,so as to effectively balance the interest relationships between different parties.

关 键 词：数据利用 数据确权 数据访问与利用权 数据治理 数字经济 

分 类 号：D912.1[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]