连带债务发生明定主义之反思  

Reflections on the Explicitness of the Occurrence of Solidary Obligations

作　　者：张定军[1] ZHANG Dingjun

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学法学院

出　　处：《法学研究》2023年第2期154-171,共18页Chinese Journal of Law

摘　　要：基于对连带债务会给债务人带来过于严苛之法律后果的担忧,我国学界和实务界对连带债务的发生持明定主义立场。但明定主义的立论基于对连带债务之成立要件与法律后果的认识偏差,而其所强调之两端,即连带债务的发生要么基于当事人明确之意思表示、要么基于法律的明确规定,已出现不能适应现实生活之困境。对于依法律行为发生连带债务,比较法上多突破意思表示明确性之束缚,我国司法实践亦有表现;对于依法律规定成立连带债务,比较法上多引入不真正连带债务或类似制度缓解成文法规范供给不足之困境,我国司法实践近年来也较多借鉴此制度。但以不真正连带债务应对成文法之固有局限,存在较大缺陷。鉴此,有必要对民法典第518条第2款作目的性限缩,并充分发挥该条第1款第2分句辅助性规范之功能,以连带债务之成立要件作为判断是否成立连带债务之基础。Based on the concern that solidary obligations will bring excessively severe legal consequences to debtors,both the academic and practical circles in China hold the position of explicitness on the occurrence of solidary obligations,that is,the occurrence of solidary obligations is based on either the expressed intention of the parties or the clear provisions of the law.However,the argument of explicitness is based on the dislocation of the constitutive requirements and the legal consequences of solidary obligations,and what explicitness emphasizes faces the dilemma of not being able to adapt to real life.For solidary obligations established by legal acts,the shackles of expressed intentions are often broken in many other legal systems,which is also reflected in the judicial practice in China.For solidary obligations established in accordance with legal provisions,the unreal solidary obligations or similar systems are often used to solve the dilemma of insufficient norms of written law in the comparative law and the concept of unreal solidary obligations has also been often used in many verdicts in China.But it is not a good measure for dealing with the inherent deficiencies of statutory law.In this view,it is necessary to give a limited interpretation to paragraph 2 of Article 518 of Chinese Civil Code for normative purposes,give full play to the function of the auxiliary norm of the second clause of paragraph 1 of Article 518,and take constitutive requirements as the basis for determining whether solidary obligations are established.

关 键 词：多数人之债 连带债务 不真正连带债务 意思表示解释 肇因原则 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]