第三审为法律审?--近代中国的学说、立法与司法实践  

Was the Third Instance the Trial of Law?:Theory,Legislation and Judicial Practice in Modern Chinese History

作　　者：聂鑫[1] Nie Xin

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（法理学、法史学）》2022年第12期68-78,共11页JURISPRUDENCE AND HISTORY OF LAW

基　　金：清华大学自主科研计划“中国司法制度的传承与创新”。

摘　　要：近代中国仿行德日诉讼制度,建立三审终审制,立法规定第三审为法律审。其立法本意是,第三审专为统一法律之解释,而不为事实之审查。为解释、申明诉讼法上的相关规定,民国最高审判机关先后作出多个司法解释、超过九十个判决例。可在司法实践中,第三审法院仍不时审查事实问题,一方面,第三审为法律审的原则受到日本最近立法的冲击;另一方面,下级法院审判质量堪忧,第三审法院并为事实审乃不得已而为之。南京国民政府改四级三审为三级三审制后,对上诉案件的全面审查导致最高法院不堪重负,不得不向法定原则回归,“厉行法律审”;与此同时,最高法院也指出,这是一个“缓进”的过程。研究第三审为法律审的法定原则在近代中国的实践与妥协,对于我们认识今天的司法改革也有参考意义。Referred to the litigation system in Germany and Japan,modern China established a domestic system which treated the third-instance as the final-instance.The legislation stipulated that the third-instance was a legal trial.The original intention of its legislation is that the third instance is designed to unify the interpretation of the law,not to judge the facts.In order to explain and affirm the relevant provisions of the procedural law,the supreme judicial body of the Republic of China had issued a number of judicial interpretations and more than 90 precedents.However,in judicial practice,the court of the third-instance still often made a fact trial.On the one hand,the principle that the third instance is a legal trial had been impacted by recent legislation in Japan;on the other hand,the quality of trials in lower courts is worrying.Therefore,the court of third-instance has no choice but to recheck the fact of cases.After the Nanjing National Government changed the four-level and three-instance trial system into three-level and threeinstance,the comprehensive review of appeal cases caused the Supreme Court to be overwhelmed,and had to return to the statutory principle and ensure the"trial of law"at the third-instance.At the same time,the Supreme Court also pointed out that the change would be a"slow-forward"process.Studying the practice and compromise of the statutory principle that the third instance is a legal trial in modern Chinese history also makes significant sense for understanding today's judicial reform.

关 键 词：最高审判机关 第三审 法律审 事实审 判决例 

分 类 号：D909.9[政治法律—法学理论] K25[政治法律—法学]