国际岩矿地球化学固碳技术研究进展  

Review in research progress in carbon sequestration technology from a petrological and geochemical perspective

作　　者：姜禾禾 王佳敏[1] 万博[1] JIANG Hehe;WANG Jiamin;WAN Bo(State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所岩石圈演化国家重点实验室,北京100029

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2023年第2期494-508,共15页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所自主部署项目(批准号:IGGCAS-202201);国家自然科学基金项目(批准号:41888101);中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所百人计划项目(批准号:E2515104)共同资助。

摘　　要：针对"全球变暖"问题,为实现碳中和,利用自然碳汇增速固碳的技术研发愈加受到国际社会的重视和增强的资金投入。地质增汇方案中,CO_(2)的碳酸盐矿化固碳为通过矿物、岩石的化学风化反应,将大气中CO_(2)转化为碳酸盐矿物稳定封存。由于该方案在固碳后CO_(2)返还回大气的风险小,可达到永久固碳,因此近年来国际上针对这一固碳方案开展了不少前瞻性研究和工业化运用。该类技术的实现及广泛运用面临的主要挑战和问题有如下几方面:哪些地质过程可带来快速CO_(2)的碳酸盐矿化,如何人为利用相关的物理、化学因素以进一步增汇,以及如若进行大规模工业化技术实施,其可行性、安全性和成本将如何评估。首先简要归纳无机地质碳汇过程的岩石地球化学原理及控制矿物溶解、碳酸盐化反应速率的主要物理、化学因素;随后在此理论基础上,重点介绍地球化学固碳增汇技术的最新国际研究进展,主要包括基性-超基性岩原位增温固碳技术和异地加速岩石化学风化固碳技术。当前国际上的此类地球化学矿化固碳增汇技术虽绝大多数仍处于探索阶段,安全性、成本评估体系也尚未完善,但该类方案的可用资源丰富,具有巨大的固碳潜力,而现有的方案也可随着能源结构的转型进一步降低成本。我国具备良好的地质条件,本文希望国内同行能在这些国际研究进展的启发下,根据我国国情研发创新性地质增汇工程,充分挖掘我国的地质碳汇潜力,解决国家对达成碳中和的紧迫需求,服务我国2060年碳中和战略。Facing the"global warming"problem,the international science and engineering communities are in urgent needs in exploring,utilizing and maximizing the potential of natural carbon sinks to achieve the required level of global CO_(2) reduction by the year of 2060.Among carbon sequestration techniques,the CO_(2)mineralization technique has drawn increasing attention from the international communities and capital investments.The CO_(2)mineralization technique takes advantage of the natural chemical weathering-carbonation reactions to turn the atmospheric CO_(2) into carbonate minerals,therefore is able to permanently store CO_(2) in rock and minerals with little future risk of CO_(2) leakage back into the atmosphere.We first briefly summarize the basic principles and the dominant controls in rock weathering and carbonation reactions.We calculated the dissolution rates for common rock-forming minerals under given pH and temperature conditions,and estimated the fraction of dissolved basalt under given time with different grain sizes.The results show that the rate and potential of carbon sequestration for rock and minerals increase with elevated temperature,the Ca,Mg,Fe,Na and K concentration in the rock/mineral,and the specific surface area for reaction(particle size or presence of fractures).The concentration of CO_(2) partially controls system pH,which also drives variation in the reaction rate.Mafic-ultramafic rocks are rich in the Ca-Mg-Fe minerals such as olivine,pyroxene,Ca-plagioclase,etc.,thus have been a focus in developing CO_(2)mineralization techniques in recent years.We then review the recent international research progresses in the in-situ and ex-situ carbon mineralization techniques that utilizing natural rock resources.The in-situ carbon mineralization technique is featured with the CarbFix and Wallula projects,which inject mixed CO_(2)-H2O or supercritical CO_(2) into deep mafic-ultramafic rock layers.The rate of carbonation reaction is accelerated there by the elevated temperature from the geothermal s

关 键 词：碳中和 地质碳汇 CO_(2)矿化固碳 基性-超基性岩碳酸盐化 硅酸盐化肥 

分 类 号：P588.12[天文地球—岩石学] P595[天文地球—地质学]