复合人工湿地对陆基水产养殖废水中氮磷的净化及其微生物群落特征  

Nitrogen and phosphorus purification from land-based aquaculture wastewater and microbial community characteristics of the combined constructed wetland

作　　者：伍建业 吴永贵[1,2,3] 兰美燕 彭子乐 朱鑫维 郑煜 贺宇 WU Jianye;WU Yonggui;LAN Meiyan;PENG Zile;ZHU Xinwei;ZHENG Yu;HE Yu(College of Resources and Environmental Engineering,Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025,China;Guizhou Hostile Environment Ecological Restoration Technology Engineering Research Center,Guiyang 550025,China;Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station,Ministry of Education,Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025,China)

机构地区：[1]贵州大学资源与环境工程学院,贵阳550025 [2]贵州省劣境生态修复技术工程研究中心,贵阳550025 [3]贵州喀斯特环境生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,贵阳550025

出　　处：《环境工程学报》2023年第2期517-531,共15页Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering

基　　金：贵州省科技重大专项(黔科合重大专项字[2019]3010);中央引导地方资金项目(黔科中引地[2022]4022);贵州省百层次创新人才培养计划项目(黔科合平台人才[2020]6002)。

摘　　要：高密度陆基水产养殖外排废水中的氮(N)、磷(P)浓度往往远高于传统的塘库养殖而对周边环境带来更大的压力。为探究复合人工湿地系统对陆基水产养殖外排废水中N、P的净化效果及其微生物群落特征,本文以“高效生态浮床单元-垂直流人工湿地单元-沉水植物池单元”三级不同类型湿地单元构成的复合人工湿地系统为研究对象,研究不同干湿交替时间下该系统对模拟高密度陆基水产养殖外排废水中N、P的净化效果,并揭示系统内各湿地单元植物根系和填料中微生物群落的结构特征。结果表明,复合人工湿地系统在不同干湿交替时间下对NO_(3)^(-)-N、NO_(2)_(-)-N、NH_(4)^(+)-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为99.04%~99.43%、98.72%~100%、93.89%~95.26%、92.23%~98.60%、56.85%~77.50%。各湿地单元植物中不同类型植物分析结果表明,高效生态浮床单元中巨菌草的根系活力、POD酶活性、生物量均明显优于垂直流人工湿地单元中的美人蕉和沉水植物池单元中的狐尾藻(P<0.05),且植物中N、P含量呈现沿流向逐级减少的趋势,与各湿地单元排水中的污染物浓度所呈现的逐级降低的规律相一致。各湿地单元N、P去除途径的分析结果表明,一级单元微生物作用(74.42%)和一级、二级单元填料吸附(13.05%和38.70%)分别是N和P元素的主要归趋途径。各湿地单元植物根系和填料中微生物群落分析结果表明,植物根系及填料微生物的共同优势菌门主要有Proteobacteria、Chloroflexi、Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes。属水平上各级湿地单元存在的优势菌属存在明显差异,其中生态浮床单元优势菌属相对丰度最高,主要有Chloronema、unclassified_p__Chloroflexi、Candidatus_Competibacter等。基于FAPROTAX数据库功能预测结果表明,各湿地单元植物根系和填料中化能异养型(12.43%~27.19%)和好氧化能异养型(10.11%~26.46%)细菌功能群占优势,且氮循环相关功�Compared with traditional pond aquaculture, the concentrations of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P)in the effluent of high-density land-based aquaculture are higher, which brings serious challenges to the surrounding environment. To explore the purification effect of N and P from land-based aquaculture wastewater and microbial community characteristics of combined constructed wetland, which was composed of highefficient ecological floating bed unit-vertical flow constructed wetland unit-submerged plant pond unit, the purification effect of N and P in simulated high-density land-based aquaculture effluent at different dry-wet alternation times and the characteristics of microbial community structures in roots and fillers of each wetland unit were revealed. The results showed that the average removal rates of NO_(3)^(-)-N, NO_(2)_(-)-N, NH_(4)^(+)-N, TN and TP were 99.04%~99.43%, 98.72%~100%, 93.89%~95.26%, 92.23%~98.60% and 56.85%~77.50% by combined constructed wetland system at different dry and wet alternation times, respecively. Through the analysis of different types of plants in each wetland unit, the root activity, POD enzyme activity and biomass of Pennisetum sinese in the high-efficient ecological floating bed unit were significantly better than those of Canna indica L. in vertical flow constructed wetland and Myriophyllum verticillatum L. in submerged plants pond unit(p <0.05),respectively. In addition, the contents of N and P in plants gradually decreased along the flow direction, which was consistent with the law of pollutant concentrations in the drainage of each wetland unit. Through the analysis of the N and P removal pathways of each wetland unit, the microbial action(74.42%) of the primary unit was the main purification pathway of N, and the filler adsorption(13.05% and 38.70%) of the primary and secondary unit was the main N and P removal pathways. Through the analysis of microbial communities in plant roots and fillers of each wetland unit, the dominant bacterial at phylum level, such as Proteobacter

关 键 词：复合人工湿地系统 高密度陆基水产养殖废水 植物 干湿交替 氮磷 微生物群落 

分 类 号：X703.1[环境科学与工程—环境工程]