气候变化背景下城市洪水风险管理体系国际比较与启示:以伦敦、纽约、郑州为例  

International comparison and enlightenment of urban flood risk management system under background of climate change:taking london,new york and zhengzhou as study cases

作　　者：米胤瑜 孔锋 MI Yinyu;KONG Feng(College of Humanities and Development Studies,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100083,China;Center for Crisis Management Research,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学人文与发展学院,北京1000913 [2]清华大学应急管理研究基地,北京100084

出　　处：《水利水电技术（中英文）》2023年第3期21-34,共14页Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering

基　　金：国家重点研发计划政府间/港澳台重点专项项目(2018YFE0109600);中国高等教育学会2022年度高等教育科学研究规划课题(22DL0302);国家自然科学基金项目(42077441,61901471,41801064,71790611);中国气象局软科学重点项目(2022ZDIANXM20)。

摘　　要：【目的】在全球气候变化和城市化进程不断加快的背景下,洪水灾害发生的频次不断提高,损失愈加严重。2021年伦敦、纽约和郑州发生特大洪水灾害,对城市运营和市民生活造成严重破坏,研究对比三座城市的洪水风险管理体系具有现实意义。【方法】基于灾前、灾中、灾后的分析逻辑,从规划、立法、管理组织体系、工程建设、灾后援助等维度对伦敦、纽约和郑州的洪水风险管理体系内容进行比较。【结果】研究发现:(1)灾前规划不充分、风险预警效果不佳是三座城市洪水防御普遍存在的管理问题。(2)灾中郑州存在灾害应急响应不及时、部门管理分散的问题,伦敦和纽约存在着救援能力不足的问题。(3)灾后三城处理措施各有侧重,城市之间的措施具有一定的互补性。【结论】针对上述问题提出了改善的建议:(1)城市在防洪优化改善中应重视城市土地利用和规划。(2)城市应提高防洪意识,科学有序应对气候变化。(3)各城市进行洪水风险管理行政体系调适与改革,提高洪水灾害风险治理能力。研究成果对完善城市洪水风险管理体系,提高城市暴雨洪涝灾害应对能力有参考价值。[Objective]Under the background of continuous acceleration of global climate change and urbanization process,the occurrence frequency of flood disaster is increased and the loss becomes more and more serious.In 2021,the catastrophic flood disasters occur in London,New York and Zhengzhou with serious damages to urban operation and life of citizens,and then it is of practical significance to study and compare the flood risk management systems of the three cities.[Methods]Based on the analysis logics before,during and after the disasters,the contents of flood risk management systems in London,New York and Zhengzhou are compared herein from the dimensions of planning,legislation,management organization system,engineering construction,post-disaster assistance,etc.[Results]The study result shows that(1)inadequate pre-disaster planning and poor risk early-warning effect are common management problems in flood prevention of the three cities;(2)in the disaster,the problems of untimely disaster emergency response and decentralized department management are there in Zhengzhou and the problems of insufficient rescue capacity are there in London and New York;(3)the treatment measures from the three cities after the disaster have their own emphases,while the measures among the cities have certain complementarity.[Conclusion]For the above-mentioned problems,the suggestions for the improvement are put forward herein:(1)attention must be paid to urban land use and planning in the optimization and improvement of flood control for the cities;(2)flood control awareness must be improved to scientifically and orderly deal with climate change for the cities;(3)the flood risk management administrative systems of the cities are necessary to be adjusted and reformed to improve the capability of flood disaster risk management.The study result has certain reference value for perfecting the urban flood risk management system and improving the capability for dealing with urban rainstorm and flood disasters.

关 键 词：城市内涝 洪涝灾害 城市洪水风险管理 洪水风险管理体系 灾害管理 气候变化 城市化进程 

分 类 号：TV213.4[水利工程—水文学及水资源]