数据交易的困境与纾解:基于不完全契约性视角  

The Dilemma in Data Transactions and the Resolution:A Perspective from Incomplete Contract

作　　者：彭辉[1] Peng Hui

机构地区：[1]上海社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《比较法研究》2023年第2期172-185,共14页Journal of Comparative Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“数字中国背景下公共数据技术标准的法治体系研究”(项目编号:21&ZD200);国家社科基金一般项目“数字法治政府建设的耦合意义、契合要点与实施路径研究”(项目编号:22BFX030);上海市2023年度“科技创新行动计划”软科学研究项目“上海多层次数据要素交易市场体系建设机制与实施路径”的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：囿于交易标的标准难、数据产权确权难、价值评估定价难、供需双方互信难、实施落地操作难、交易公平监管难等问题,实践中的数据交易契约是一种典型的不完全契约,使数据交易市场面临着市场失灵的一系列挑战。妥善配置好剩余控制权是防范化解数据交易不完全契约带来的机会风险,优化互利互惠数据要素治理结构,建立体现公平效率数据要素收益分配的重要支撑点。由于公共数据、企业数据和个人数据的性质属性各有差异,因此不同类型数据交易的剩余控制权配置在充分博弈谈判之后配置机制也不尽相同,基本原则是当交易成本较低时,剩余控制权主要配置给双方当事人;当交易成本较高时,将部分重要的剩余控制权配置给政府监管部门等机构,以此最大限度地保障数据交易目标的实现。The data trading market is faced with several challenges,such as the difficulties in establishing transaction standards,defining data ownership,assessing value,building mutual trust between supply and demand,implementing operations,and supervising fairness and regulation.Consequently,data transaction contracts in practice are often incomplete,leading to market failure.Proper allocation of residual control rights is crucial in preventing and resolving the opportunity risks caused by incomplete data trading contracts,optimizing the governance structure of mutually beneficial data elements,and establishing an important support point for the distribution of benefits of data elements that reflects fairness and efficiency.Residual control rights represent a limited exclusive property right with corresponding economic benefits.However,exercising these rights must meet necessary conditions or restrictions to achieve a relative balance between data utilization and data protection.Public,corporate and personal data have different nature and attributes;therefore,the allocation mechanism of residual control rights varies across different types of data trading after the full bargaining.The general principle is that when the transaction costs are low,residual control rights are mainly allocated to involved parties;when transaction costs are high,critical residual control rights are assigned to government regulatory agencies or other institutions to maximize the achievement of data trading goals.

关 键 词：数据交易 不完全契约性 剩余控制权 激励相容 

分 类 号：D922.16[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]